Effects of Different Foliar-applied Nitrogen Fertilizers on Balsam Woolly Aphid

1973 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Roderick Carrow ◽  
Robert E. Betts
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Acid Diet ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Induced Changes

Balsam woolly aphids were reared on young grand fir trees maintained in controlled environment or outdoors. Solutions of various nitrogen fertilizers were applied repeatedly to the trees and the effects on aphids and bark amino acids were studied. On trees fertilized with ammonium nitrate or a sequence of compounds, aphid population growth was less than on trees fertilized with urea or potassium ammonium nitrate. On urea-fertilized trees, populations multiplied 16.5 times in five generations, compared with a 5.7-fold increase on unfertilized trees and a 1.4-fold increase on ammonium nitrate-fertilized trees. These differences resulted from effects of these nutrients on aphid life history. Urea promoted aphid establishment and reproduction, whereas ammonium nitrate affected these processes, as well as survival, adversely. The highest establishment and survival rates resulted from potassium ammonium nitrate.These differences may be related to fertilizer-induced changes in the amino acid diet of the aphid. Thin layer electrophoresis and chromatography revealed that urea, ammonium nitrate, and calcium nitrate each increased arginine concentrations in the bark, the highest levels resulting from ammonium nitrate. Traces of phenylalanine and asparagine, found in other treatments, were absent from trees fertilized with ammonium nitrate during June.

scholarly journals Use of active microorganisms of the Pseudomonas genus during cultivation of maize in field conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 26-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holečková Zlata ◽  
Kulhánek Martin ◽  
Hakl Josef ◽  
Balík Jiří
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate

The aim of this research is to estimate the influence of a bioeffector (BE) application on dry matter yield and nutrient content (P, K, Ca, Mg, S) in maize (Zea mays L.). Between 2014 and 2016, a field experiment with silage maize as a testing plant was realized on sandy loam Cambisol. The application of Pseudomonas sp. in combination with phosphorus (rock phosphate (RP) or triple superphosphate (TSP)) and nitrogen fertilizers (ammonium nitrate with urea, ammonium nitrate with limestone, calcium nitrate or ammonium sulfate with a nitrification inhibitor) and with different application strategies was studied. The effects of a bioeffector application on the increase of dry matter yields were not confirmed. An important influence on the BE application and its activity was probably those of soil and site conditions and competition of the researched microorganisms with other present microorganisms. Higher yields of dry matter were shown in treatments where P fertilizers were applied. There was almost no difference between the application of RP and TSP. This could be caused by the fact that the soil had a slightly acidic pH value. In this case, the RP showed similar results to the TSP. The application of bioeffector significantly increased Mg, K and S contents in maize above-ground biomass. An increase of the Ca content was almost significant and a tendency towards a higher average content of phosphorus was also recorded.

scholarly journals Calcium nitrate and ammonium nitrate limestone as sources of nitrogen for oats and barley

1961 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-168
Author(s):  
Pentti Hänninen ◽  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Malting Barley ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cent Level

Calcium nitrate and ammonium nitrate limestone (»Oulunsalpietari») were compared as the nitrogen fertilizer for oats in 15 field trials and for barley in one trial. The trials were carried out in summers 1959 and 1960 in various places in Finland. The split plot technique was employed in order to reduce the variation as much as possible. In 1959 the amounts of nitrogen applied as these two fertilizers to the corresponding halves of the plots were 25 and 50 kg/ha. In 1960 also higher applications were used: 75 and 100 kg/ha of N. In three trials these fertilizers were compared both as a surface dressing and worked in. Visual observations suggested about 5—6 weeks after sowing a darker green colour in the stands treated with calcium nitrate as compared with the other half treated with ammonium nitrate limestone. These differences later disappeared. In some trials a higher nitrogen content of the plants from the calcium nitrate stands could be demonstrated during this period. The uptake of nitrogen by plants was regularly followed throughout the growing period. Owing to the large variation, usually, no statistically significant difference between the effect of the fertilizers could be detected. In a few cases the superiority of calcium nitrate could be demonstrated. No differences in the ripening could be found. In most trials there was a fairly regular tendency to higher yields and higher nitrogen content in the grain and straw produced by calcium nitrate. Yet, only in a few cases were the differences statistically significant at the five per cent level. Thus, it was concluded that on the basis of the results of these trials ammonium nitrate limestone and calcium nitrate may be considered practically equal as nitrogen fertilizers for oats. There was no difference in the yields of barley produced by these two fertilizers, but the nitrogen content of grains was significantly lower with ammonium nitrate limestone than with calcium nitrate. This may be worth further study in connection with the production of malting barley.

Fertilisation azotée en forêt de pin gris (Pinusbanksiana). I. Cheminement des engrais dans le sol

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 414-422
Author(s):  
C. Camiré ◽  
B. Bernier
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Coated Urea

Six nitrogen fertilizers (urea, sulfur-coated urea, urea-formaldehyde, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium nitrate) were individually applied, either in fall or in spring, at a rate of 224 kg N/ha and compared for nitrogen retention in the different horizons of a podzol under jack pine. Despite its susceptibility to nitrogen losses through ammonia volatilization, urea was by far, among readily available nitrogen fertilizers, the one whose nitrogen is best retained in soil surface horizons. Retention varied with weather conditions that prevailed immediately after fertilizer application. With the other fertilizers used, nitrogen retention followed this order: ammonium sulfate > ammonium nitrate > calcium nitrate. After four seasons, about 50% of the nitrogen applied as sulfur-coated urea and urea-formaldehyde was still found in its original form. Ammonium sulfate is next to urea among the recommended nitrogen sources for similar jack pine sites, considering that fertilizers with nitrate are prone to leaching and the sulfur-coated urea and urea-formaldehyde used presented problems of nitrogen availability.

Ten-year growth results of nitrogen source and interprovincial experiments on jack pine

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Weetman ◽  
R. M. Fournier
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Fertilizer Efficiency ◽  
Fertilizer Use ◽  
Stand Growth ◽  
Volume Response ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
N Fertilizer Efficiency

Sample plots in a 45-year-old jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) stand in Quebec were fertilized with urea, ammonium nitrate, and calcium nitrate in single applications of 112 or 448 kg N/ha. There were no significant differences in periodic volume response owing to the form of N added; applications of 112 kg N/ha gave temporary increases in stand growth which lasted 4–5 years, while applications of 448 kg N/ha produced responses lasting 7–8 years. In an experiment of the standardized interprovincial series no significant differences in periodic volume response were found although there was an indication of increased response to the addition of P with N. Fertilizer efficiency was examined for single and repeated applications on the site. The most efficient fertilizer use was with repeated light applications of 56 kg N/ha, requiring 8 kg N for every cubic metre per hectare produced.

scholarly journals Fertilizer nitrogen in soil

1961 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-184
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila ◽  
Pentti Hänninen
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Nitrogen Contents ◽  
Considerable Period

The distribution of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the soils of field trials was followed in two growing seasons. In these trials ammonium nitrate limestone and calcium nitrate were, at several rates, applied as surface dressing. It was found that not only the ammonium nitrogen but also the nitrate nitrogen applied to the surface of loam, silt, silt clay, and fine sand clay soils tended to remain in the top inch for a considerable period in the absence of heavy rainfalls or a longer wet period. The plants appeared rapidly to deplete the layers downwards from 1 inch, but even after six and eight weeks from the application of the fertilizers the ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen contents of the surface inch could be markedly higher in the treated plots than in the untreated ones. In the non-cropped soil, eight weeks after the application of the fertilizers, the mineral nitrogen content of the top inch corresponded to about 60 % of the nitrogen applied. On the basis of these results the working in or placement of nitrogen fertilizers seems to be profitable. Fixation of ammonium nitrogen in unexchangeable forms was observed in some of the trials. This, however, did not significantly impair the value of ammonium nitrate limestone as a nitrogen source in these trials.

scholarly journals Improvements in corn production technology using liquid nitrogen fertilizers

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 00122
Author(s):  
Vladimir Milyutkin ◽  
Vladimir Sysoev ◽  
Oxana Blinova ◽  
Andrey Makushin ◽  
Natalia Prazdnichkova
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
Samara Oblast ◽  
Solid Nitrogen ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Regions Of Russia

The article is devoted to improvements in technology of corn production using liquid nitrogen fertilizers such as urea ammonium nitrate (UAN), in pure form UAN-32 or with the addition of sulphur UAN+S, with various methods of application before seeding or leaf-feeding dressings. This technology provides an increase in the corn yield with additional efficiency compared with the use of solid nitrogen mineral fertilizers like ammonium nitrate in conditions of insufficient moisture, which are typical of many regions of Russia and especially of the Volga region (Samara oblast).

scholarly journals Studies of the influences of different N fertilizers and Microbion UNC bacterial fertilizer on the nutrient content of soil

2010 ◽  
pp. 134-140
Author(s):  
Andrea Balla Kovács ◽  
Anita Szabó ◽  
Emese Bartáné Szabó
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Fertilizers ◽  
Soil Measurements

A field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of different nitrogen fertilizers in combination with bacterial fertilizer onnutrient uptake of horseradish and plant available nutrients of the soil. Three different N fertilizers, ammonium-nitrate, urea and calciumnitrate(116 kg ha-1 N) in combination with Microbion UNC bacterial fertilizer (2 kg ha-1) were applied as treatments in a randomizedcomplete block design in three replications. In this paper we presented the results of soil measurements. The soil of the experimental areawas chernozem with medium sufficiency level of N and P and poor level of K.Our main results:The amount of 0.01M CaCl2 soluble inorganic nitrogen fractions, NO3--N and NH4+-N and also the quantity of soluble organic-N werealmost the same in the soil. N fertilizers significantly increased all the soluble N fractions. The amount of NO3--N increased to the greatestextent and the increase of organic N was the slightest. We measured the largest CaCl2 soluble NO3- -N and total-N contents in the plotstreated with ammonium-nitrate, the largest NH4+-N in the plots treated with calcium-nitrate and the largest organic-N fraction in plotstreated with urea.Bacterial inoculation also increased both soluble inorganic nitrogen forms and also total-N content of soil compared to the control. Inthe case of combined (artificial and bacterial fertilizer) treatments we measured lower NO3--N, organic-N and total-N compared to thevalues of plots having only nitrogen fertilizer treatments. On the contrary in the plots with combined treatments the CaCl2 soluble NH4+-Ncontent of soil in more cases were higher than that of values with artificial fertilizer treatment.As a function of calcium-nitrate application increased AL-P2O5 and AL-K2O values were measured compared to control. MicrobionUNC supplement of calcium nitrate yielded also increase in AL-P2O5 and AL-K2O values, till then supplement of ammonium-nitrate fertilizeryielded a decrease in these values compared to the control.All nitrogen fertilizers resulted in a significant decrease in AL-Mg content of soil compared to the control. Nevertheless bacterialfertilizer increased AL-Mg values in any cases.

scholarly journals Pronitridine Nitrification Inhibitor With Urea Ammonium Nitrate for Corn

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly A. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
Agronomic Efficiency ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Claypan Soil ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate

Nitrification inhibitors have been used to enhance the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers. This research evaluated the effectiveness of nontreated urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) at 0, 67, 135, 202, and 270 kg N ha-1 as well as UAN treated with nitrification inhibitors (pronitridine at 9.4 and 18.8 L ha-1 or nitrapyrin at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1) to enhance N uptake and increase yield of corn (Zea mays L.). The study took place from 2012-2014 in upstate Missouri on a claypan soil. During the experiments, environmental conditions (high, medium, and low yielding years) affected corn response to pronitridine and nitrapyrin. In general, UAN plus pronitridine at 9.4 L ha-1 had similar effects on corn compared pronitridine at a higher (18.7 L ha-1) rate. During a high-yielding year (2014), in order to produce yields equivalent to 67 kg N ha-1 plus pronitridine at 9.4 L ha-1 or nitrapyrin, UAN needed to be increased 14 to 19%. Similarly, the amount of nontreated UAN needed to be increased 8 to 11% for yields to be equivalent to UAN at 135 kg N ha-1 plus pronitridine at 9.4 L ha-1 or nitrapyrin. Grain N removal and agronomic efficiency was highest with pronitridine at 9.4 L ha-1 and nitrapyrin combined with 67 and 135 kg N ha-1, respectively. This research indicates that pronitridine was as effective as nitrapyrin when added to a pre-emergence application of UAN placed between the rows in a dribble band.

NITROGEN FERTILIZATION OF THE HOST TREE AND POPULATION GROWTH OF THE BALSAM WOOLLY APHID, ADELGES PICEAE (HOMOPTERA: ADELGIDAE)

1968 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 478-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Roderick Carrow ◽  
K. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrate Solution ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Host Tree ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate Solution ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae

AbstractThe relationship between nutrition of the host tree, Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes, as influenced by nitrogen fertilizers, and the growth of populations of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), was investigated. Sixty trees, growing in a greenhouse in two soil types, a nutrient-deficient mineral soil and an enriched humic soil, were infested with woolly aphid larvae. Subsequently, groups of 10 trees received foliar treatments of various concentrations of ammonium nitrate and urea. The following year, 32 young trees in Seymour Valley, B.C., were studied to determine the effect of fertilization of uninfested trees on establishment of aphid larvae.In the greenhouse, foliar sprays of 1% ammonium nitrate solution resulted in a 23% decrease in population in 10 weeks, as contrasted with a 31% increase in the control population. In the field, larval establishment was 31% to 37% lower on the ammonium nitrate-treated trees than on the control trees. Inasmuch as there was no evidence of increased mortality of aphids in situ, we infer that the fertilizer acts primarily by inhibiting initial settling of larvae on the host trees.

Field experiments comparing ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate and urea combine-drilled with spring barley

1963 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Devine ◽  
M. R. J. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Grain Yields

1. Twenty-one experiments were carried out in various parts of England and Scotland in 1959–61 comparing two or more of the nitrogen sources ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate and urea, combine-drilled in compound fertilizers for spring barley.2. Ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate combine-drilled at rates from 35 to 105 lb./acre of nitrogen checked early growth slightly in some of the experiments, with no important difference between the two sources, which also gave similar grain yields.3. Calcium nitrate and urea combine-drilled at 45 lb./acre of nitrogen had no large effect on early growth, while at 70 and 90 lb./acre both fertilizers seriously delayed brairding and reduced the plant population in many of the experiments, especially in eastern England. They gave lower yields than ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate in many of the experiments in which early growth was affected, and gave lower mean yields at all rates of application.4. In eleven of the experiments, broadcast applications of two or more of the four nitrogen fertilizers were compared. All sources gave similar mean yields.5. There was a slightly smaller yield from combine drilling than from broadcasting ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate, and a markedly smaller yield from calcium nitrate and urea.

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