The Relation Between Leaf Production and Wood Weight in First-Year Root Sprouts of Two Populus Clones

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip R. Larson ◽  
J. G. Isebrands
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
First Year ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

The relationship between leaf production and wood production in two clones of Populus grown for 1 year under intensive culture was investigated. Wood weight at any one stem position was highly correlated with the cumulative leaf area above that position. About one-half the total stem weight was bark, but the bark/wood ratio decreased with increasing leaf area. Wood specific gravity in creased from stem top to stem base, with mid-stem values of about 0.35. Leaf surface area and leaf dry weight were highly correlated with leaf lamina length; the latter therefore provides an easily measured, non-destructive estimate of photosynthesizing leaf surface. Marked clonal differences existed in all parameters measured.

scholarly journals Scaling Relationships between Leaf Shape and Area of 12 Rosaceae Species

Symmetry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojing Yu ◽  
Cang Hui ◽  
Hardev S. Sandhu ◽  
Zhiyi Lin ◽  
Peijian Shi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Width ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Rosaceae Species ◽  
Scaling Relationship ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Leaf surface area (A) and leaf shape have been demonstrated to be closely correlated with photosynthetic rates. The scaling relationship between leaf biomass (both dry weight and fresh weight) and A has been widely studied. However, few studies have focused on the scaling relationship between leaf shape and A. Here, using more than 3600 leaves from 12 Rosaceae species, we examined the relationships of the leaf-shape indices including the left to right side leaf surface area ratio (AR), the ratio of leaf perimeter to leaf surface area (RPA), and the ratio of leaf width to length (RWL) versus A. We also tested whether there is a scaling relationship between leaf dry weight and A, and between PRA and A. There was no significant correlation between AR and A for each of the 12 species. Leaf area was also found to be independent of RWL because leaf width remained proportional to leaf length across the 12 species. However, there was a negative correlation between RPA and A. The scaling relationship between RPA and A held for each species, and the estimated scaling exponent of RPA versus A approached −1/2; the scaling relationship between leaf dry weight and A also held for each species, and 11 out of the 12 estimated scaling exponents of leaf dry weight versus A were greater than unity. Our results indicated that leaf surface area has a strong scaling relationship with leaf perimeter and also with leaf dry weight but has no relationship with leaf symmetry or RWL. Additionally, our results showed that leaf dry weight per unit area, which is usually associated with the photosynthetic capacity of plants, increases with an increasing A because the scaling exponent of leaf dry weight versus A is greater than unity. This suggests that a large leaf surface area requires more dry mass input to support the physical structure of the leaf.

The Relationship Between Leaf Area and Leaf Dry Weight of Three Conifer Species Grown on Three Sources of Nitrogen

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Mellor ◽  
E. B. Tregunna
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Western hemlock, Douglas-fir and lodgepole pine were grown on three different sources of nitrogen. At 18 weeks the relationship between leaf area and leaf dry weight was determined for each species. A linear relationship was found between leaf area and leaf dry weight for all three species. Different nitrogen treatments had no effect on this relationship.

scholarly journals Drought Avoidance in Katsura by Drought-induced Leaf Abscission and Rapid Refoliation

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 871-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Dosmann ◽  
William R. Graves ◽  
Jeffery K. Iles
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Abscission ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Temporary Reduction ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

The limited use of the katsura tree (Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb. & Zucc.) in the landscape may be due to its reputed, but uncharacterized, intolerance of drought. We examined the responses of katsura trees subjected to episodes of drought. Container-grown trees in a greenhouse were subjected to one of three irrigation treatments, each composed of four irrigation phases. Control plants were maintained under well-hydrated conditions in each phase. Plants in the multiple-drought treatment were subjected to two drought phases, each followed by a hydration phase. Plants in the single-drought treatment were exposed to an initial drought phase followed by three hydration phases. Trees avoided drought stress by drought-induced leaf abscission. Plants in the multiple- and single-drought treatments underwent a 63% and 34% reduction in leaf dry weight and a 60% and 31% reduction in leaf surface area, respectively. After leaf abscission, trees in the single-drought treatment recovered 112% of the lost leaf dry weight within 24 days. Leaf abscission and subsequent refoliation resulted in a temporary reduction in the leaf surface area: root dry weight ratio. After relief from drought, net assimilation rate and relative growth rate were maintained at least at the rates associated with plants in the control treatment. We conclude that katsura is a drought avoider that abscises leaves to reduce transpirational water loss. Although plants are capable of refoliation after water becomes available, to maintain the greatest ornamental value in the landscape, siting of katsura should be limited to areas not prone to drought.

scholarly journals Photosynthetic Compensation to Partial Leaf Area Reduction in Sour Cherry

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desmond R. Layne ◽  
J.A. Flore
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Prunus Cerasus ◽  
Area Reduction ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Area Reduction

The leaf surface area of l-year-old, potted `Montmorency' sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) trees was reduced by punching disks from some or all leaves to determine the threshold level of leaf area removal (LAR) necessary to reduce net CO2 assimilation (A) and whole-plant growth. Removal of 30% of the leaf area of individual leaves reduced A on a whole-leaf basis between 1 and 3 weeks following LAR. Less than 30% LAR was compensated for by higher estimated carboxylation efficiency and ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration capacity. The threshold level of LAR based on gas exchange of individual leaves was 20%. Although whole-plant dry weight accumulation was reduced at all levels of LAR, a disproportionately large decrease in dry weight occurred as LAR increased from 20% to 30%. This result indicates that 30% LAR exceeded the threshold LAR level that was noted for A (20% LAR). Wound ethylene production induced by leaf-punching ceased after 24 hours, which indicated that wounds had healed and that ethylene, therefore, did not influence A significantly. The observed threshoId of 20% LAR represents a significant compensation ability for sour cherry, but this threshold may change with crop load, environment, or both.

scholarly journals Survey of the accuracy and rapidity of several methods for vine leaf area assessment

OENO One ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Trégoat ◽  
Nathalie Ollat ◽  
Gilbert Grenier ◽  
Cornelis Van Leeuwen
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Multiple Shoots ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Light Extinction ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Area Estimation ◽  
Standard Curve ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Highly Correlated

<p style="text-align: justify;">Vine leaf area is an important viticultural parameter. Because its assessment is difficult, leaf area is not frequently taken into account. In this survey, several techniques of vine leaf area estimation are compared for their accuracy and rapidity. Leaf area is highly correlated with leaf blade fresh or dry weight. This method is destructive, because all the leaves have to be removed, and thus it can only be applied after harvest. Leaf area can also be estimated by the measurement of the lenght of two upper lateral veins. This method is precise, but very time consuming. Sample size reduction to one leaf out of four measured does not affect the quality of the estimation, though sample reduction to one leaf out of ten does. For accurate assessment, samples must be taken from multiple shoots. The third method utilizes the correlation between leaf area and shoot length. This technique combines precision and rapidity, though a standard curve should be established for each cultivar and stage of vine development. The percentage of light extinction through the vegetation can be measured by means of an L.A.I. 2000 device. Values are closely correlated to leaf area index and vine leaf area can be deduced when vine density is known. This method is very rapid (only one to two minutes per vine) but it does not distinguish between the primary and secondary leaf area. Moreover, the L.A.I. 2000 device is very expensive. Digital photographs were taken of the vines studied. Assessment of the percentage of leaf surface area, after binarisation of the image, does not lead to an accurate estimation of vine leaf area. The choice of a technique for vine leaf area estimation among the ones tested, will depend on: a) required precision, b) time availability, c) the need to dispose separately of primary and secondary leaf area, d) the possibility to invest in equipment and e) the possibility to remove leaves.</p>

scholarly journals Influence de la charge sur la production et la croissance de la vigne (c.v. Merlot)

OENO One ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
M. Nikov
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Yield Ratio ◽  
Primary Factor ◽  
First Year ◽  
Parabolic Curve ◽  
Grape Quality ◽  
Single Shoot ◽  
The Relationship

<p style="text-align: justify;">L'étude est menée avec le cépage Merlot conduit en forme haute et à une distance de 3,40 x 1,20 m. Les vignes supportent des charges individuelles de 26, 32, 38 ... jusqu'à 62 bourgeons par cep. La relation entre le nombre d'yeux et le rendement par souche se caractérise par une courbe parabolique avec un maximum autour de 50 bourgeons par cep. L'augmentation de charge au-delà de l'optimum exerce une influence inhibitrice sur la croissance des rameaux individuels depuis la première année. Le rapport entre la surface foliaire et la production représente un facteur essentiel pour la qualité du raisin.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">+++</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The study involves Merlot variety trained with an high trunk and a 3,40 x 1,20 m spacing. The vines support individual pruning levels of 26, 32, 38 ... up to 62 buds/vine. The relationship between bud number and yield per vine is characterized by a parabolic curve with a maximum around 50 buds/vine. The increase in pruning level beyond the optimum induces an inhibitory effect on single shoot growth since the first year. The leaf area : yield ratio represents a primary factor of grape quality.</p>

Leaf Movements in Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) in Relation to Herbicide Response

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 551-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. Kraatz ◽  
Robert N. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Cloud Cover ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Rhythmic Movements ◽  
Cassia Obtusifolia ◽  
Leaf Movements ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Over The Top

Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL.) leaves and leaflets changed their orientation throughout 24-h periods. These endogenously controlled rhythmic movements resulted in dramatic changes in the percent projected leaf area (PPLA), the leaf area observed from directly above and expressed as a percentage of the total actual leaf area. The PPLA of sicklepod varied more than seven-fold throughout a 24-h period, being greatest during the day and least at night. Control of sicklepod with linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea] applied postemergence at intervals throughout 24-h periods was greater from daytime applications than from late evening, night, and early morning applications. Percent control was highly correlated with PPLA, suggesting that rhythmic leaf movements and the resulting change in PPLA could be an important factor in determining the efficacy of postemergence herbicide applications on sicklepod by altering the area of the leaf surface most likely to intercept and retain herbicide spray from an over-the-top application. In addition to endogenously controlled leaf movements, we observed leaf movements caused by simulated cloud cover (80% shading). Shading increased the PPLA of sicklepod, suggesting that more leaf surface might be exposed to an over-the-top spray during cloudy periods than during sunny periods.

scholarly journals Growth Analysis of Wheat Using Machine Vision: Opportunities and Challenges

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 6501
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ajlouni ◽  
Audrey Kruse ◽  
Jorge A. Condori-Apfata ◽  
Maria Valderrama Valencia ◽  
Chris Hoagland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Machine Vision ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Projected Area ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Crop growth analysis is used for the assessment of crop yield potential and stress tolerance. Capturing continuous plant growth has been a goal since the early 20th century; however, this requires a large number of replicates and multiple destructive measurements. The use of machine vision techniques holds promise as a fast, reliable, and non-destructive method to analyze crop growth based on surrogates for plant traits and growth parameters. We used machine vision to infer plant size along with destructive measurements at multiple time points to analyze growth parameters of spring wheat genotypes. We measured side-projected area by machine vision and RGB imaging. Three traits, i.e., biomass (BIO), leaf dry weight (LDW), and leaf area (LA), were measured using low-throughput techniques. However, RGB imaging was used to produce side projected area (SPA) as the high throughput trait. Significant effects of time point and genotype on BIO, LDW, LA, and SPA were observed. SPA was a robust predictor of leaf area, leaf dry weight, and biomass. Relative growth rate estimated using SPA was a robust predictor of the relative growth rate measured using biomass and leaf dry weight. Large numbers of entries can be assessed by this method for genetic mapping projects to produce a continuous growth curve with fewer replicates.

Germination, Growth, Development, and Control of Camphorweed(Heterotheca subaxillaris)

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Awang ◽  
T. J. Monaco
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Heterotheca Subaxillaris ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
And Control

Germination studies on camphorweed [Heterotheca subaxillaris(Lam.) Britt. & Rusby] revealed that freshly harvested disk achenes germinated best at 17.5 C (88%) while ray achenes were dormant. Camphorweed seed from disk achenes also germinated at temperatures as low as 3 C. Seedlings grown under long-day conditions at 23 C day and 8 C night temperatures for 144 days elongated at the rate of 0.18 cm/day. Plants grown under short-day conditions at the same temperature regime elongated at the rate of 0.06 cm/day. Total leaf surface area, fresh weight, and dry weight of shoots of plants grown under long days were at least 1.5 times greater than plants grown under short day conditions. Camphorweed, regardless of size and age, survived a 2-h exposure at −5 C. All plants in the rosette stage survived at −15 C in the freezer and an overnight temperature of −11.7 C in the field, whereas larger plants were killed at these temperatures. Stage of growth was an important factor in the herbicidal control of camphorweed. Plants in the rosette stage were generally more susceptible to herbicides than older plants. Simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine] at 3.4 kg/ha, paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bypyridinium ion) at 0.6 kg/ha, methazole [2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-dione] at 5.0 kg/ha, and a formulated mix of diuron [3–3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] and terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil) at 4.5 kg/ha provided adequate control of camphorweed in the rosette stage. Asulam (methyl sulfanilylcarbamate) at 2.2 or 4.5 kg/ha applied alone did not control camphorweed in the rosette form but was more effective on older plants. Various combinations of these herbicides were generally effective at both stages of growth.

scholarly journals RESPONSE OF GAMAL (Gliricidia sepium) AND INDIGOFERA (Indigofera zollingeriana) FORAGE ON APPLICATION OF ANORGANIC AND ORGANIC FERTILIZER

Pastura ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Roni N.G.K. ◽  
S.A. Lindawati
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

The productivity of forage depends on the availability of nutrients in the soil where it is grown, so fertilization to replace harvested produce is absolutely necessary. This study aims to study the response of gamal and indigofera forage on application of inorganic and organic fertilizers. Research using a completely randomized design factorial pattern of two factors, the first factor is the type of plant (G = Gamal; I = Indigofera) and the second factor is the type of fertilizer (T = without Fertilizer; A = Inorganic fertilizer NPK; K = commercial organic fertilizer; O = conventional organic fertilizer; B = bioorganic fertilizer), repeated 4 times so that it consists of 40 experimental units. The variables observed were plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, total dry weight of leaves, ratio of dry weight of leaves/stems and leaf area per pot. The results showed that there was no interaction between plant species and types of fertilizer in influencing the response of gamal and indigofera plants. Plant species have a significant effect on stem diameter, while fertilizer types have a significant effect on plant height, leaf dry weight, total dry weight of leaves and leaf area per pot. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the response of gamal plants is similar to indigofera, all types of fertilizers can improve the response of plants and organic fertilizers produce the same crop response with inorganic fertilizers. Keywords: gamal, indigofera, inorganic fertilizer, organic fertilizer

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