Development of Ectomycorrhiza on Red Pine Roots

1971 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-272
Author(s):  
H. Khatamian ◽  
R. J. Hilton
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Major Nutrients ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Roots of 4-year-old Red Pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) growing against glass panes of the Guelph rhizotron rapidly developed an ectomycorrhizal growth in August and September of 1970. Development did not extend below 40 cm from the soil surface and was retarded as soil temperature fell below 20 °C. Soil moisture in the 9–11% range supported mycelium growth. Analysis of pine leaves did not indicate an unusually low content of major nutrients but soil analysis at several depths showed low nitrogen and only traces of phosphorus.

scholarly journals Specifics of soil temperature under winter wheat canopy

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Krčmáŕová ◽  
Hana Stredová ◽  
Radovan Pokorný ◽  
Tomáš Stdŕeda
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Experimental Plot ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the course of soil temperature under the winter wheat canopy and to determine relationships between soil temperature, air temperature and partly soil moisture. In addition, the aim was to describe the dependence by means of regression equations usable for phytopathological prediction models, crop development, and yield models. The measurement of soil temperatures was performed at the experimental field station ˇZabˇcice (Europe, the Czech Republic, South Moravia). The soil in the first experimental plot is Gleyic Fluvisol with 49-58% of the content particles measuring < 0.01 mm, in the second experimental plot, the soil is Haplic Chernozem with 31-32% of the content particles measuring < 0.01 mm. The course of soil temperature and its specifics were determined under winter wheat canopy during the main growth season in the course of three years. Automatic soil temperature sensors were positioned at three depths (0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 m under soil surface), air temperature sensor in 0.05 m above soil surface. Results of the correlation analysis showed that the best interrelationships between these two variables were achieved after a 3-hour delay for the soil temperature at 0.05 m, 5-hour delay for 0.10 m, and 8-hour delay for 0.20 m. After the time correction, the determination coefficient reached values from 0.75 to 0.89 for the depth of 0.05 m, 0.61 to 0.82 for the depth of 0.10 m, and 0.33 to 0.70 for the depth of 0.20 m. When using multiple regression with quadratic spacing (modeling hourly soil temperature based on the hourly near surface air temperature and hourly soil moisture in the 0.10-0.40 m profile), the difference between the measured and the model soil temperatures at 0.05 m was −2.16 to 2.37 ◦ C. The regression equation paired with alternative agrometeorological instruments enables relatively accurate modeling of soil temperatures (R2 = 0.93).

scholarly journals Soil macrofauna diversity in andisol after eight years of Mount Sinabung eruption in Sumatra, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariani Sembiring ◽  
HIDAYATULAH MUNAWAROH ◽  
MUKHLIS MUKHLIS ◽  
BENNY HIDAYAT ◽  
TENGKU SABRINA
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Pitfall Trap ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soil Macrofauna ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Hand Sorting

Abstract. Sembiring M, Munawaroh H, Mukhlis, Hidayat B, Sabrina T. 2021. Soil macrofauna diversity in andisol after eight years of Mount Sinabung eruption in Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3024-3030. The eruption of Mount Sinabung resulted in volcanic ash covering the soil of various thicknesses. That will affect the population and diversity of macrofauna in it. This research aimed to determine the Andisol soil macrofauna in Karo District with various thicknesses of volcanic ash covering from Mount Sinabung. This research was conducted in May 2019. Plots were placed in four locations, Location I: processed land (0 cm), Location II: Land covered by thin ash (?2 cm), Location III: Land covered by medium ash (2-5 cm), Location IV: Land covered by thick ash (?5 cm). Sampling was conducted by using the Pitfall trap, Monolith squared, and Hand sorting methods. The research results indicated that the thicker the volcanic ash covering the soil surface, it would reduce soil moisture, soil water content, organic C, and soil pH, but on the other hand, increase the soil temperature. A total of 20 species were able to live on the Andisols affected by the eruption of Mount Sinabung.

scholarly journals High Soil Moisture and Low Soil Temperature Are Associated with Chlorosis Occurrence in Concord Grape

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 418-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan R. Davenport ◽  
Robert G. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Concord Grape

Leaf yellowing (chlorosis) is not unique to Concord grape, yet occurs with great intensity in the arid, irrigated central Washington state growing region. Past research on nutrients has not shown a clear cause and effect relationship between soil and/or plant nutrient status and chlorosis. We investigated both nutritional and climatic conditions for their association with chlorosis occurrence. Six vineyard sites were selected, 2 each with no history of chlorosis (achlorotic), occasional chlorosis, and annually reoccuring chlorosis (chronically chlorotic) and monitoring sites in chlorotic and achlorotic areas were established. Nutrient elements K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Cu plus the nonnutrient elements Na and Al were monitored in soil (surface, 0 to 30 cm, and subsurface, 30 to 75 cm, depths) and leaf tissue (both petioles and blades) prebud burst (soil only), at bloom, and preveraison at 650 degree days at all vineyard sites for the 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004 growing seasons. In addition, both soil temperature and moisture were monitored. To evaluate the intensity of chlorosis at each site, chlorotic vines were GPS marked and mapped post-bloom each year. Overall, chlorosis incidence was more widespread in 2001 and 2003 than in 2002 or 2004. There were few relationships with soil or tissue nutrient concentrations. However, soil moisture was consistently higher and soil temperature lower in the period between bud burst and bloom in the chlorotic sites. This suggests that a cold, wet soil environment prior to bloom impedes grape root growth and/or function and triggers plant chlorosis. Yearly differences strongly support this finding.

Effects of some abiotic factors on the exit of poppy root weevils (Ethelcus denticulatus Schrank) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from overwintering area

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Islamoðlu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Root Weevils ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Overwintering Area

With this study, it is aimed to determine the effects of some abiotic factors on the exit of poppy root weevils (Ethelcus denticulatus Schrank) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from their overwintering area. Poppy root weevils is the most important harmful pest of poppy fields (Papaver somniferum L.) (Rhoedales; Papaveraceae). According to the findings, the first adults were seen on the soil on March 10, 2014. It has been observed that as the temperature of the air increases, the number of adults on the soil surface also increases. Thus, it was determined that the number of adults in square meters reached the highest level on April 21, 2014. After this date, it was determined that the number of wintering adults decreased gradually. While the first insect on the surface of the field was caught on March 09, 2015 in the second year. It was determined that the number of highest poppy root weevils caught on the soil surface and in the traps was on April 13, 2015. After this date, it was determined that both the trapped insects and their numbers in m2 decreased. There were significant (P£0.05) correlations between the poppy root weevil exit from their overwintering area and soil temperature (r=0.648, r2=0.461, n=84 P=0.000) and temperature (r=0.59, r2=0.277, n=84, P=0.004) whereas there was no significant correlation between it and soil moisture (r=0.310, r2=0.021, n=84, P=0.466), humidity (r=0.32, r2=0.108, n=84, P=0.87) and rain (r=0.38, r2=0.101, n=84, P=0.73).

scholarly journals Effect of Biochar on Soil Temperature under High Soil Surface Temperature in Coal Mined Arid and Semiarid Regions

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 8238
Author(s):  
Jibing Xiong ◽  
Runhua Yu ◽  
Ejazul Islam ◽  
Fuhai Zhu ◽  
Jianfeng Zha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Soil Surface Temperature

High soil surface temperature and loosened soil are major limiting factors of plant productivity in arid and semi-arid coal mining areas of China. Moreover, the extensive and illegitimate burning of crop residues is causing environmental pollution; whereas, these residues could be converted to biochar to benefit soil quality. In this study, the effect of wheat straw biochar (WSB) at rates of 0% (control, CK), 1% (low, LB), 2% (medium, MB) and 4% (high, HB) on soil temperature at different depths (5, 10, 15, and 20 cm) and moisture levels (10 and 20%) was investigated under high soil surface temperature of 50 °C and air humidity of 40%. Our data suggested that soil bulk density was inversely, and soil moisture was directly corelated with soil thermal parameters. Moreover, the increasing rate of WSB addition linearly decreased the soil thermal properties. The maximum decrease in soil bulk density at both moisture levels (10% and 20%) was measured in HB treatment compared to respective CKs. The highest decrease in soil thermal conductivity (59.8% and 24.7%) was found under HB treatment in comparison to respective controls (CK10% and CK20% moisture). The soil volumetric heat capacity was also strongly corelated with soil moisture content (r = 0.91). The WSB treatments displayed differential responses to soil temperature. Under 10% soil moisture, temperature of LB, MB and HB treatments was higher as compared to CK at 5–20 cm depth, and MB treated soil had the smallest increase in temperature. At the 15-cm depth, the MB treatment decreased the temperature by 0.93 °C as compared to the CK20%. Therefore, the effect of WSB on soil temperature was influenced by soil moisture content, soil depth and WSB application rates. It suggested that MB treatment could be a useful farming practice for mitigating soil temperature fluctuation.

scholarly journals Response of Soil Surface Respiration to Storm and Ips typographus (L.) Disturbance in Boreal Norway Spruce Stands

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maiju Kosunen ◽  
Päivi Lyytikäinen-Saarenmaa ◽  
Paavo Ojanen ◽  
Minna Blomqvist ◽  
Mike Starr
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
C Cycling ◽  
Heterotrophic Soil Respiration

Disturbances such as storm events and bark beetle outbreaks can have a major influence on forest soil carbon (C) cycling. Both autotrophic and heterotrophic soil respiration may be affected by the increase in tree mortality. We studied the effect of a storm in 2010 followed by an outbreak of the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) on the soil surface respiration (respiration by soil and ground vegetation) at two Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) dominated sites in southeastern Finland. Soil surface respiration, soil temperature, and soil moisture were measured in three types of plots—living trees (undisturbed), storm-felled trees, and standing dead trees killed by I. typographus—during the summer–autumn period for three years (2015–2017). Measurements at storm-felled tree plots were separated into dead tree detritus-covered (under storm-felled trees) and open-vegetated (on open areas) microsites. The soil surface total respiration for 2017 was separated into its autotrophic and heterotrophic components using trenching. The soil surface total respiration rates at the disturbed plots were 64%–82% of those at the living tree plots at one site and were due to a decrease in autotrophic respiration, but there was no clear difference in soil surface total respiration between the plots at the other site, due to shifts in either autotrophic or heterotrophic respiration. The soil surface respiration rates were related to plot basal area (living and all trees), as well as to soil temperature and soil moisture. As storm and bark beetle disturbances are predicted to become more common in the future, their effects on forest ecosystem C cycling and CO2 fluxes will therefore become increasingly important.

scholarly journals Effect of temperature and moisture on O2 evolution rate of cultivated Phaeozem: analyses of a long-term field experiment

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 213-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.O. Lopes de Gerenyu ◽  
I.N. Kurganova ◽  
L.N. Rozanova ◽  
V.N. Kudeyarov
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Evolution Rate ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Exponential Equations

Soil temperature and moisture are the main ecological factors regulating the processes of production and emission of CO<sub>2</sub> from soil surface. The CO<sub>2</sub> evolution rate from cultivated clay Phaeozem (Russia, Moscow region; 54&deg;50&rsquo;N, 37&deg;35&rsquo;E) were studied under field conditions from November 1997 to October 2002. The daily mean CO<sub>2</sub> evolution rate varied widely &ndash; from 0.9 to 246 mg C/m<sup>2</sup>/h. The total annual CO<sub>2</sub> flux from cultivated Phaeozem averaged 352&nbsp;&plusmn; 148 g C/m<sup>2</sup>/yr, the interannual variability amounted to 42%. We found significant linear trends (R = 0.46&ndash;0.55, P&nbsp;&lt; 0.001) reflecting the relationship between CO<sub>2</sub> emission and soil temperature through the whole observation period and during spring and autumn seasons as well. The exponential equations described these relationships for the same periods more adequately than the simple linear equations (R = 0.62&ndash;0.68, P &lt; 0.01). The temperature coefficient&nbsp;Q<sub>10</sub> comprised 2.3 (for the whole data set) and was essentially higher 3.2&ndash;3.6 during the spring and autumn. The correlation between CO<sub>2</sub> evolution rate and soil moisture was insignificant for the whole period, winter, spring and autumn seasons as well. During the summer, correlation between CO<sub>2</sub> evolution rate and soil moisture was positive and very close (R = 0.74, P &lt; 0.001), indicating that the soil moisture content was a main factor limitative the rate of CO<sub>2</sub> emission from soil for this period.

SOIL TEMPERATURE AND SOIL WATER UNDER ZERO TILLAGE IN MANITOBA

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. GAUER ◽  
C. F. SHAYKEWICH ◽  
E. H. STOBBE
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Crop Canopy ◽  
Burned Soil

The influences of zero and conventional tillage on soil temperature and soil moisture were investigated on three soil types in Manitoba. When the straw was spread on the soil surface, zero-tilled fields were usually cooler than conventionally tilled fields. When the straw was removed by raking, the opposite was true. No consistent soil temperature differences occurred between conventional and zero-tilled soils when the straw was burned. Soil moisture was higher on the zero- than on conventionally tilled plots both when straw was spread on the surface and when the straw was removed by raking. No moisture differences occurred between the tilled and zero-tilled plots when the straw was burned. As the season progressed, differences in moisture and temperature decreased as the crop canopy developed, and as the straw and stubble disintegrated.

scholarly journals Edaphic microclimate and its influence on soil respiration of mezohemerobic ecosystem in the Upper Dniester Basin

2014 ◽  
pp. 106-113
Author(s):  
T. Partyka ◽  
T. Bedernichek ◽  
Z. Hamkalo
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Temperature Increase ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Hygroscopic Moisture

The values of the field and hygroscopic moisture, soil temperature under different scenarios of forest and land use have been characterized. The effect of temperature increase on CO2 emission from the soil surface has been investigated. Key words: edaphic climate, CO2 emissions, soil temperature, soil moisture.

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