Responses of loblolly pine to ozone and simulated acidic rain

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1715-1723 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Reinert ◽  
S.R. Shafer ◽  
G. Eason ◽  
S.J. Horton ◽  
M.M. Schoeneberger
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Acidic Rain ◽  
Simulated Rain

Acidic rain and ozone (O3) may have serious consequences on the growth and development of loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.), a tree species of major economic importance in the southeastern United States. In two independent studies, seedlings of open-pollinated families of loblolly pine were exposed to five concentrations of O3 (0, 80, 160, 240, or 320 nL•L−1) and three simulated rain acidities (pH 5.3, 4.3, or 3.3). Following 23 weeks of growth (12 weeks in charcoal-filtered air and 11 weeks of O3 and simulated acidic rain exposures), stem height, secondary needle dry weight, top and total seedling dry weight, and root/shoot dry weight ratio all were related negatively and linearly with O3 concentration. Stem diameter and root dry weight were also suppressed by O3. Suppression of the growth parameters ranged from 14 to 35% for the greatest O3 concentration. Acidity of simulated rain did not affect seedlings, nor did it affect seedling responses to O3. Results indicate that acid rain probably has little effect on growth of loblolly pine seedlings, but O3 can suppress growth to varying degrees depending on family.

The effect of wrenching on morphology and field performance of Douglas fir and loblolly pine seedlings

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuomi Tanaka ◽  
J. D. Walstad ◽  
J. E. Borrecco
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Second Year

Second-year Douglas fir and 1st-year loblolly pine nursery stock were undercut and wrenched while actively growing in nursery beds. Their morphology and field performance were compared with Douglas fir seedlings that had been undercut only and with loblolly pine seedlings that had been left intact.The treatment produced shorter, thinner-stemmed loblolly pine seedlings with reduced shoot dry weight. Height, diameter, and shoot dry weight of Douglas fir seedlings were virtually unaffected, but root dry weight was increased substantially. Development of fibrous lateral roots was stimulated in both species. As a consequence, shoot–root ratios were considerably improved, and the seedlings were better conditioned to withstand outplanting. On droughty sites, field survival of Douglas fir was increased by 20 percentage points and loblolly pine by 30 percentage points. Wrenching also extended by several weeks the fall and spring planting periods for loblolly pine and the fall planting period for Douglas fir.

scholarly journals Tolerance of Southern Pine Seedlings to Clopyralid

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. South
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Seedling Morphology ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Pine Species

Abstract Tolerance of three pine species to postemergence applications of clopyralid was examined at ten southern nurseries over a 2 yr period. The herbicide was applied at various times during May, June, and July. At time of lifting, seedling morphology was evaluated (root-collar diameter, shoot height, root dry weight, and shoot dry weight). Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) and longleaf pine (P. palustdds Mill.) were tolerant to 210 to 840 g acid equivalent (ae)/ha. However, epinasty was occasionally observed on both loblolly pine and slash pine. The injury symptoms were ephemeral and seedlings appeared normal 3 months after treatment. Results from these tests suggest some pine species are tolerant to this herbicide at the seedling stage. As a result of this research, this herbicide can be legally used in many southern pine nurseries to control troublesome weeds such as sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.), Florida beggerweed (Desmodium tortuosum [Sw.] DC.), horseweed (Erigeron canadensis L.) and other annual broadleaf weeds. South. J. Appl. For. 24(1):51-56.

scholarly journals Influence of substrate compaction in nursery containers on the growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings

2013 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariusz Kormanek ◽  
Jacek Banach ◽  
Michał Ryba
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Influence Of Substrate ◽  
Nursery Field ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

Abstract The paper presents research on influence of nursery soil compaction, composed of peat (90%) and perlite (10%), on the growth of seedlings of Pinus sylvestris grown in containers. Polyethylene nursery are containers used for the seedling production. These containers were filled with three different densities of the peat and perlite substrate (0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 g·cm-3). During the experiment, nursery containers were initially placed in a plastic tent for a period of two months, and then for three months further months in an open nursery field. Growth measurements for individual plants were the length of shoots and the root system, root collar diameter, root and shoot dry weight and photosynthetic rate. There was a relationship between the extent of compaction of the soil substrate and all analyzed growth parameters of seedlings. A more compact substrate adversely affected on the number of grown seedlings and their length but positively influenced the dry mass of pine seedlings.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF MINERAL DEFICIENCY ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND ON SHOOT AND ROOT MINERAL PARTITIONING IN THREE SUNFLOWER VARIETIES / EFECTO DE LA FALTA DE ELEMENTOS MINERALAS SOBRE LOS PARAMENTROS MORFOLOGICOS Y FISIOLOGICOS Y REPARTICION DE ELEMENTOS MINERALES DE LA PARTE SOBRE EL SUELO Y DE LA RAIZ EN TRES VARIEDADES / INFLUENCE DE LA CARENCE D’ÉLÉMENTS MINÉRAUX SUR LES PARAMÈTRES MORPHOLOGIQUES ET PHYSIOLOGIQUES ET SUR LA DISTRIBUTION DES ÉLÉMENTS MINÉRAUX ENTRE LA PARTIE AÉRIENNE ET LA RACINE POUR TROIS SORTES DE TOURNESOL

Helia ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (35) ◽  
pp. 135-148
Author(s):  
Mohammed El Midaoui ◽  
Ahmed Talouizte ◽  
Benbella Mohamed ◽  
Serieys Hervé ◽  
Ait Houssa Abdelhadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mineral Deficiency ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
Matter Effect

SUMMARYAn experiment has been carried out in order to study the behaviour under mineral deficiency of three sunflower genotypes, a population variety (Oro 9) and two hybrids (Mirasol and Albena). Sunflower seedlings were submitted to five treatments: N deficiency (N0), P deficiency (P0), K deficiency (K0), N and K deficiency (N0K0) and a control. Plants were harvested when they reached 3-4 true pairs of leaves. Growth parameters measured (height, total leaf area, root length, root and shoot dry mater) were all significantly reduced by mineral deficiency. Leaf area was most reduced by N0 (-61%) and P0 (-56%). Total dry matter was most affected by N0 (-63%) and by N0K0 (-66%). Genotype comparisons showed that Oro 9 had the highest shoot dry matter while Albena had the lowest root dry matter. Effect of mineral deficiency on content and partitioning of N, P, K, Ca and Na was significant and varied according to treatments and among plant parts. Shoot dry weight was significantly correlated with root N content (r2=0.81) and root K content (r2=-0.61) for N0 and K0.

scholarly journals Applications of plant growth promoting bacteria and Trichoderma spp. for controlling Orobanche crenata in faba bean

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Ahmed Touny El-Dabaa ◽  
Hassan Abd-El-Khair
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Orobanche Crenata ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

Abstract Background Orobanche crenata is an obligate root parasite belonging to Orbanchaceae. Broomrape causes great damage to the faba bean. Several attempts were applied for controlling parasitic weeds. So, the aim of this work is to study the application of Trichoderma spp. as well as three rhizobacteria species in comparison to herbicidal effect of Glyphosate (Glialka 48% WSC) for controlling broomrape infesting faba bean (Vicia faba). Materials and methods Three pot experiments were carried out in the greenhouse of the National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt during two successive winter seasons. Trichoderma inocula were adjusted to 3.6 × 108 propagules/ml and the bacterium inocula were adjusted at 107–109 colony-forming unit (CFU)/ml. All treatments were applied, before 1 week of sowing, at rate of 50 ml per pot in experiments I and II, while 100 ml per pot in experiment III. Results Trichoderma spp. (T. harzianum, T. viride and T. vierns) as well as three rhizobacteria species (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus) enhanced the growth parameters in faba bean plants, i.e. shoot length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight and leaf number in the first experiment when applied without O. crenata infection. In the second experiment, all bio-control could protect plants against O. crenata infection, where it had better juvenile number reduction, than glyphosate after 2 months of application. Both B. subtilis and B. pumilus had the highest reduction to juvenile fresh weight, while their effect was equal to herbicide for juvenile dry weight, respectively. The bio-control agents had high effects until the 4th month, but it was less than that of the herbicide. In experiment III, the bio-control agents could highly reduce the juvenile parameters after 2 months, as well as juvenile fresh weight and juvenile dry weight after 4 months, than the herbicide, respectively. The bio-control agents were effective until 6 months, but less than the herbicide effect. All bio-control treatments highly increased the plant growth parameters, than the herbicide. Conclusion The application of Trichoderma spp. as well as rhizobacteria species could play an important role in controlling broomrape in faba bean as a natural bioherbicide.

scholarly journals Testing the potential of LEDs to enhance growth and quality characteristics of Salvia fruticosa

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 98-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippos Bantis ◽  
Kalliopi Radoglou
Keyword(s):  
Root Biomass ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Radiation Spectra ◽  
Salvia Fruticosa ◽  
Developmental Characteristics

The effect of light-emitting diodes (LED) with broad radiation spectra on developmental, physiological, and phytochemical characteristics of Greek sage (Salvia fruticosa L.) seedlings was assessed. Fluorescent (FL – control) tubes and four LED lights [AP67 (moderate blue, red and far-red), L20AP67 (moderate blue, red and far-red, high green), AP673L (moderate blue, high red) and NS1 (high blue and green, low red, high red : far-red, 1% ultraviolet)] were used in a growth chamber. Seedlings grown under FL, L20AP67 and AP673L exhibited the best morphological and developmental characteristics. FL led to inferior root biomass formation compared to all LEDs. AP67 promoted greater root-to-shoot dry weight ratio and dry-to-fresh overground and root weight ratios, but induced the least morphological and developmental characteristics. NS1 performed well regarding the root biomass production. Total phenolic content and the root growth capacity were not significantly affected. The present study demonstrates that L20AP67 and AP673L LEDs performed equally to FL light regarding the developmental characteristics. AP67 and NS1 may have the potential to be used for compact seedling production.

The relationship between multiple leaders and mechanical and frost damage to the apical meristem of Scots pine seedlings

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarmo K. Holopainen
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Frost Injury ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Multiple Leaders

The responses of young Scots pine seedlings to mechanical apical meristem damage before and after 4 nights exposure to minimum night temperatures of −2.2 and −6.7 °C in controlled environment growth chambers were compared with control seedlings that were subjected or not to apical meristem damage and exposed to a minimum night temperature of 12 °C. The feeding damage caused by Lygus bugs was simulated by piercing the apical meristem of young pine seedlings with a hypodermic syringe needle and injecting a small drop of distilled water into the wound. At −6.7 °C increased numbers of dead seedlings were found. The proportion of seedlings with multiple leaders greatly increased after piercing, and about half of the seedlings subjected to the apical meristem damage had multiple leaders. The proportion of seedlings with multiple leaders and the number of leader shoots per seedling did not differ among seedlings subjected to apical meristem damage before or after the frost exposure. Short and twisted primary needles occurred in the basal parts of the new shoots in the seedlings with multiple leaders. Seedlings with necrotic needles were most often found after exposure to the night temperature of −6.7 °C. Shoot dry weight and length were significantly lower in seedlings subjected to apical meristem damage after frost exposure than in seedlings subjected to apical meristem damage before frost exposure or to no frost exposure. The results suggest that an increased reduction in growth is to be expected if Lygus bug attacks occur on pine seedlings that already suffer from frost injury.

scholarly journals Effect of Repeated Short Interval Flooding Events on Root and Shoot Growth of Four Landscape Shrub Taxa

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 220-222
Author(s):  
Kathryne J. Jernigan ◽  
Amy N. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Flooding Event ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Size Index ◽  
Flooding Events

Abstract Research was conducted to screen four landscape shrub taxa for tolerance to repeated flooding events. Plants of Fothergilla × intermedia ‘Mt. Airy’ (dwarf witchalder), Ilex verticillata ‘Winter Red’ (winterberry), Clethra alnifolia ‘Ruby Spice’ (summersweet), and Viburnum nudum Brandywine™ (possumhaw) were flooded repeatedly over six weeks for 0 (non-flooded), 3, or 6 days with a draining period of 6 days between each flooding event. The experiment was repeated for a total of two runs. With the exception of F. × intermedia ‘Mt. Airy’, all taxa showed good visual quality and no reduction in root growth in either run, and effects on shoot growth were minimal. Size index of Clethra alnifolia ‘Ruby Spice’ was 27% higher in plants flooded for 0 or 3 days than in plants flooded for 6 days in run 1 only. Shoot dry weight of Ilex verticillata ‘Winter Red’ was actually 11% higher in plants flooded 6 days days than in plants flooded for 0 or 3 days in run 2. Size index of Viburnum nudum Brandywine™ increased with increasing flood length, and plants flooded for 6 days had a 9% higher SI than plants flooded for 0 days in run 1. With the exception of Fothergilla × intermedia L. ‘Mt. Airy’, all taxa appeared tolerant of and even thrived during flooding and would be appropriate shrub selections for a southeastern United States rain garden.

scholarly journals Growth of mango (Mangifera indica L.) rootstocks as influenced by pre-sowing treatments

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 582-586
Author(s):  
R. J. Patel ◽  
T. R. Ahlawat ◽  
A. I. Patel ◽  
J. J. Amarcholi ◽  
B. B. Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Survival Percentage ◽  
Total Dry Weight

An experiment was carried out at Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari during 2014 to evaluate the effect of pre-sowing treatments on survival percentage and growth of mango rootstocks. Mango stones were soaked in aqueous solutions of GA3 (100 and 200 ppm), Beejamruth (2 % and 3 %) and Thiourea (1 % and 2 %) for 12 and 24 hours. The trial was evaluated in Completely Randomized Design based on factorial concept and the treatments were replicated thrice. Imposition of treatments led to significant differences at 5 % level of significance for all parameters chosen in this study. Mango stones when treated with Thiourea at 1 % had the maximum shoot length (49.93 cm), root length (34.38 cm), shoot dry weight (21.08 g) and total dry weight (26.36 g). The highest number of lateral roots (10.90) and survival percentage (64.17) was observed in mango stones dipped in 100 ppm GA3. Between the two soaking duration, soaking mango stones for 24 hours recorded higher values for shoot length (45.03 cm), root length (32.79 cm), number of lateral roots (9.83), survival percentage (62.72), shoot root fresh weight ratio (4.30), shoot dry weight (21.33 g), total dry weight (26.28 g) and shoot root dry weight ratio (4.32). Thus, survival percentage and growth of mango rootstocks can be substantially improved by soaking mango stones in aqueous solutions of 100 ppm GA3 or Thiourea at 1 % for 24 hours before sowing.

scholarly journals The Association of a Longidorus Species with Stunting and Root Damage of Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) Seedlings

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (7) ◽  
pp. 803-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Fraedrich ◽  
Michelle M. Cram
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Extraction Techniques ◽  
Seedling Root ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Proper Diagnosis ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

A Longidorus species was consistently associated with patches of stunted and chlorotic loblolly pine seedlings at a forest-tree nursery in Georgia. Seedlings from affected areas had poorly developed root systems that lacked lateral and feeder roots. Longidorus population densities in composite soil samples from the margins of patches ranged from 9 to 67 nematodes per 100 cm3 of soil. In a growth chamber experiment, seedling root dry weight decreased with respect to the initial Longidorus dose as well as the final Longidorus populations in containers. The dry root weight of seedlings were 0.117, 0.090, 0.066, and 0.065 g in containers initially infested with 0, 50, 100, and 200 Longidorus, respectively. Lateral and fine roots were lacking on seedlings at the highest doses. Populations of Longidorus increased in all containers during the experiment. Damage to loblolly pine seedlings caused by Longidorus is a previously undescribed problem in southern pine nurseries. Proper diagnosis of the problem by nematode testing laboratories may require the use of extraction techniques specific for larger nematodes such as Longidorus.

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