Effects of tomato mosaic Tobamovirus infection on red spruce seedlings

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 973-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
George D. Bachand ◽  
John D. Castello ◽  
Michail Schaedle ◽  
Stephen V. Stehman ◽  
William H. Livingston
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Freezing Damage ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Tissue Reduction

Height, weight, root volume, shoot length, needle length and weight, and total chlorophyll content were measured for both control and tomato mosaic Tobamovirus (ToMV)-inoculated red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) seedlings in each of five, 3-month growth periods. Mean bud-break rating was determined for each seedling in growth period 5. In January 1995 the freezing tolerance of control and ToMV-infected seedlings was determined. Approximately 85% of the inoculated seedlings became infected with ToMV, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of young root tissue. Reduction in seedling height, weight, root volume, bud break, and mean shoot length of infected seedlings was observed when compared with control seedlings. The rate of increase over time in height, weight, and root volume was lower (54, 57, and 52%, respectively) in infected seedlings compared with control seedlings. Additionally, needles of infected seedlings were less susceptible to freezing damage than those of control seedlings. However, virus infection had no effect on the freezing tolerance of roots.

Influence of thawing rate and fungal infection by Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii on freezing injury in red spruce (Picea rubens) needles

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 918-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel K. Manter ◽  
William H. Livingston
Keyword(s):  
Picea Rubens ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Freezing Damage ◽  
Northeastern North America ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Thawing Rate ◽  
Spruce Needles ◽  
Needle Loss

Red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) decline has been observed in northeastern North America for the last 30 years. A major inciting stress involved in this decline is freezing injury of foliage. The objectives of this study were the following: (i) to examine how photosynthesis, needle electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll loss, needle reddening, needle loss and bud break respond to single freezing events down to −45 °C on 3-year-old seedlings; (ii) to test if faster thawing rates increase the amount of freezing injury; and (iii) to measure how Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii Bubák inoculations interact with freeze-injured needles. Two trials, one of 60 seedlings and one of 80 seedlings, were conducted. The second trial had half the seedlings covered with plastic bags for doubling the thawing time. Photosynthesis, as measured by gas exchange, was consistently the most sensitive measure, detecting nonvisible injury on uncovered seedlings (p < 0.05) at −25 °C. Measurements detecting freezing damage on covered, slower thawing seedlings were photosynthesis, chlorophyll loss, and percent budbreak. Faster thawing rates increased the amount of injury ca. 2- to 3-fold after freezing to −35 or −45 °C for all measures. Infection by R. kalkhoffii increased 40–83% after freezing needles to −40 or −45 °C. Fungal inoculations caused ca. 40–60% reduction in photosynthesis on needles frozen to −40 or −45 °C. This study suggests that two new factors can increase freezing injury on red spruce needles: a faster thawing rate and fungal (R. kalkhoffii) infection. These results are consistent with the growing knowledge that freezing injury is a complex phenomenon in red spruce.

Winter injury to red spruce at Mount Moosilauke, New Hampshire

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1380-1389 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Peart ◽  
Matthew B. Jones ◽  
Peter A. Palmiotto
Keyword(s):  
New Hampshire ◽  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Weak Tendency

We report the severity and detailed spatial patterns of winter injury to red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) in the winter of 1988–1989 and assess support for the desiccation and freezing hypotheses. Foliar injury was quantified at three elevations (840, 990, and 1140 m) and on east- and west-facing slopes in the spruce-fir zone at Mount Moosilauke, New Hampshire. Overall, 29% of current-year foliage on red spruce trees was killed by winter injury. Injury increased with elevation. There was a weak tendency for winter injury to be higher on the sun-exposed south sides of crowns, but substantial injury also occurred on shaded foliage. Injury increased markedly with height in crown at high elevation, but decreased with height at low elevation. The results appear inconsistent with desiccation as the main cause of winter injury. Elevational trends in foliar injury are consistent with the freezing hypothesis, but the strong trends in foliar injury by height within trees cannot be fully explained without further data on spatial variation in microclimate and freezing tolerance. Failure to break bud was assessed on the same spatial scales as foliar injury. Bud break was least in trees and crown sections with severe foliar injury. No evidence for winter injury was found on balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.). The results support the hypothesis that winter injury may contribute to the current decline of red spruce in the northern Appalachians.

Landscape-scale spatial patterns of winter injury to red spruce foliage in a year of heavy region-wide injury

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brynne E Lazarus ◽  
Paul G Schaberg ◽  
Gary J Hawley ◽  
Donald H DeHayes
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Deposition ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Picea Rubens ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Freezing Damage ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Slope Steepness ◽  
Patterns Of Injury

Red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) winter injury is caused by freezing damage that results in the abscission of the most recent foliar age-class. Injury was widespread and severe in the northeastern United States in 2003 and was assessed at multiple elevations at 23 sites in Vermont and adjacent states. This paper presents a spatial analysis of these injury assessments. Relationships between winter injury on dominant and codominant spruce trees and elevation, latitude, longitude, slope, and aspect were investigated with least squares regression and geographically weighted regression. Results of these analyses indicate that injury increased (1) with elevation; (2) from east to west; (3) with the degree to which plots faced west, except at the highest elevations, where injury was uniformly severe; (4) with increases in slope steepness at higher elevations, or with decreases in slope steepness at lower elevations; and (5) with the degree to which plots faced south, except at the highest elevations in northern locations, where injury was uniformly severe. Because injury was greater in areas that have historically received higher levels of acid and nitrogen deposition — western portions of the study region, west-facing slopes, and higher elevations — observed patterns of injury support the hypothesis that acidic and (or) nitrogen deposition act on a landscape scale to exacerbate winter injury. Greater injury on south-facing slopes suggests that sun exposure exacerbates injury or its expression.

Tomato mosaic virus infection of red spruce on Whiteface Mountain, New York: prevalence and potential impact

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1340-1345 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Castello ◽  
George D. Bachand ◽  
Philip M. Wargo ◽  
Volker Jacobi ◽  
Donald R. Tobi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Tomato Mosaic Virus ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
First Order ◽  
Virus Incidence ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Whiteface Mountain ◽  
Crown Dieback

Tomato mosaic tobamovirus (ToMV) was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the roots of red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) on Whiteface Mountain, New York. Both virus incidence and concentration in the roots of red spruce vary by site and were greater in trees with little to moderate crown dieback than in trees with severe dieback. There was no significant association between virus incidence or concentration in the roots of red spruce and elevation on Whiteface Mountain. Multiple regression analysis of virus concentration in the roots, as the dependent variable, was performed against nine selected crown and root variables. In the final regression model, the number of live second-order nonwoody roots per length of first-order nonwoody root and length of the live crown were positively and negatively correlated, respectively, with virus concentration in the roots. These results suggest a complex epidemiology and a potentially significant impact of ToMV infection on the growth of red spruce on Whiteface Mountain.

scholarly journals Distribution of Xylella fastidiosa in Oaks in Florida and Its Association with Growth Decline in Quercus laevis

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 569-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Barnard ◽  
E. C. Ash ◽  
D. L. Hopkins ◽  
R. J. McGovern
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Oak Decline ◽  
Widespread Occurrence ◽  
Leaf Scorch ◽  
Growth Decline ◽  
Quercus Laevis

A survey of more than 200 trees has documented the widespread occurrence of Xylella fastidiosa in Florida oak populations. The pathogen was detected readily via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in oaks exhibiting decline or leaf scorch symptoms and was infrequently detected in asymptomatic trees. It was also associated with reduced growth in Quercus laevis as measured by current-year shoot length. The occurrence of X. fastidiosa in Q. laevis and the evidence for its occurrence in Q. incana represent first reports for these oak hosts. The role of X. fastidiosa in oak decline scenarios deserves further attention.

scholarly journals Light-energy processing and freezing-tolerance traits in red spruce and black spruce: species and seed-source variation

2003 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 685-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Major ◽  
D. C. Barsi ◽  
A. Mosseler ◽  
M. Campbell ◽  
O. P. Rajora
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Light Energy ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Seed Source ◽  
Energy Processing ◽  
Source Variation

GROWTH-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN BLOOD UREA NITROGEN LEVELS IN LINCOLN AND SOUTHDOWN LAMBS

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Mukhoty ◽  
W. Combs ◽  
T. D. D. Groves
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Blood Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Rate Of Increase

The concentration of blood plasma urea nitrogen (BUN) was measured at bi-weekly intervals in four groups of growing Lincoln and Southdown lambs which received the same ration throughout their growth period. BUN increased with age and weight in each group. Although all groups showed similar changes in BUN with age, BUN concentration increased at 0.73 × 10−2, 0.88 × 10−2, 0.91 × 10−2, and 1.23 × 10−2 mg per kg of body weight gained in the case of Lincoln males, Lincoln females, Southdown males, and Southdown females, respectively. The average rates of gain for these groups were 0.33, 0.28, 0.26 and 0.20 kg per day, respectively. It appeared from these studies that at any given weight, the more mature animals at that weight tended to have higher BUN concentrations and a higher rate of increase of BUN with weight.

scholarly journals Effect of the Amount of Dormant Pruning on Growth and Water Use of Containerized Crape Myrtle (Lagerstroemia × Fauriei ‘Tuscarora’)

1991 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-91
Author(s):  
Jayne M. Zajicek ◽  
Susan L. Steinberg ◽  
M.J. McFarland
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Plant Survival ◽  
Plant Variation ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Final Harvest

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the effects of different dormant pruning treatments on subsequent plant development and water use of crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia × Fauriei Koehne ‘Tuscarora’) transplanted into containers. Dormant, bare-root plants were pruned to the normal practice of a 30% reduction of existing shoot length by heading back and thinning of weak branches. Plants were randomly assigned to 3 pruning treatments including: 1) control—no further pruning, 2) shoot pruned—an additional 50% reduction of remaining shoot length for a total of 65% reduction in shoot length, or 3) a 50% reduction of root area in addition to the 30% reduction in shoot length. Fifty percent (50%) root pruning severely reduced earliness of bud-break and plant survival when compared to either the control or the 65% shoot pruning treatments. Earliest bud-break and highest plant survival were rated for plants in the 65% shoot pruned treatment. Plants in the 50% root pruned treatment had a significantly higher number of terminal shoots, but average shoot lengths were significantly shorter when compared to plants in the 65% shoot pruned treatment. At final harvest there were no significant differences in mean dry weights and leaf area, total shoot length, or average water use between treatments. However, a large plant to plant variation in growth and water use due to the pruning treatments was observed. Plants in the 50% root pruned treatment were less uniform in size and water use as compared to control plants or 65% shoot pruned plants which exhibited the greatest uniformity.

scholarly journals Seasonal Abundance and Control of the Rhododendron Gall Midge, Clinodiplosis rhododendri (Felt), in Container Grown Rhododendron catawbiense Michaux

1991 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-71
Author(s):  
James L. Hanula
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Affect Control ◽  
And Control

Abstract The seasonal abundance and control of the rhododendron gall midge, Clinodiplosis rhododendri (Felt), were investigated on container grown Rhododendron catawbiense Michaux. Most of the midge population studied completed 3 generations, and at least some completed 4–5 generations during the growing season (May–October 1989). Adults that developed from overwintered larvae began emerging on May 14, 1989. Three of the peaks in adult emergence coincided with bud break during the three growth flushes observed in the nursery. Only 20% of the buds were infested during the first growth flush, while 95% were infested during the second and third growth flushes. The low level of infestation during the early growth period provides an opportunity to detect an infestation before extensive damage occurs. Five insecticides were tested as soil drenches to control overwintering larvae. All five were equally effective and reduced the number of emerging adults by 95–100%. Further tests with Dursban 2E (chlorpyrifos) showed that soil surface applications were also effective, and that the timing of irrigation did not affect control. Soil drenches with two additional materials, Safer's insecticidal soap and Pratt horticultural oil, were not effective.

scholarly journals Hormonal monitoring of the function of the corpus luteum, trophoblast and placenta in pregnant women with a history of different types of infertility

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
L.E. Tumanova ◽  
◽  
E.V. Kolomiets ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Group I ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
History Of ◽  
Natural Conception ◽  
Β Hcg ◽  
Conservative And Surgical Treatment

Purpose — to investigate hormonal monitoring of the function of the corpus luteum, trophoblast and placenta in pregnant women with a history of various types of infertility. Materials and methods. We have studied hormonal parameters from 8 to 14 weeks of pregnancy in 420 women. The study of hormonal parameters was carried out in three groups (six subgroups): Group I — pregnant women with a history of endocrine infertility: Ia — 50 patients after IVF, Ib — 50 patients who became pregnant on their own after conservative and surgical treatment of infertility, but without IVF; Group II — pregnant women with a history of inflammatory infertility: IIa — 100 patients after IVF, IIb — 100 patients who became pregnant independently after conservative and surgical treatment of inflammatory infertility, but without IVF; Group III — pregnant women with a history of combined infertility, inflammatory genesis with endocrine, IIIa — 30 patients after IVF, IIIb — 30 patients who became pregnant on their own after conservative and surgical treatment of combined infertility, but without IVF. A study of the content of placental hormones in the dynamics of pregnancy at 7–10 and 11–14 weeks was carried out: estradiol (E2), progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) and pregnancy-associated plasmoprotein (PAPP-A). Determination of E2, progesterone was carried out by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using standard kits of the Delfia system on a 1420 Victor 2 analyzer from Perken Elmer (USA). β-hCG and PAPP-A were determined by the immunochemiluminescent method using test systems manufactured by Siemens. Results. We carried out hormonal monitoring of the corpus luteum and trophoblast function and analyzed the results of fetal biochemical markers in 276 pregnant women. The data obtained indicate that in the period of 7–10 weeks of pregnancy, the concentration of progesterone was significantly higher in women after IVF relative to the indicators of patients with natural conception. At this stage of pregnancy, the level of progesterone did not depend on the form of infertility. Similar changes were observed with respect to estradiol levels. So the level of estradiol in pregnant women of 7–10 weeks during natural pregnancy was ≈5.0 nmol/L, while the same level of estradiol in pregnant women with one fetus after IVF was 8.4±1.1 nmol/L. The progesterone/estradiol ratio was virtually the same across the groups. The level of estradiol and progesterone in the blood of women at 11–14 weeks of gestation also practically did not differ, and did not depend on the form of infertility and the method of conception. It should be especially noted that at 11–14 weeks there was a decrease in the progesterone/estradiol ratio, which represents a progressive pronounced relative progesterone deficiency and hyperestrogenism in women with infertility. The indicators were especially low in pregnant women of groups I and III, who had endocrine and combined infertility in the anamnesis. We also investigated the indicators of β-hCG and PAPP-A in pregnant women 11–14 weeks. by groups, as classic markers of screening for congenital malformations of the fetus and the risk of complications of pregnancy. So the level of PAPP-A in pregnant women did not significantly differ in groups, both from the method of conception and the type of infertility in the anamnesis. The level of β-hCG in pregnant women 11–14 weeks of singleton pregnancy after IVF is significantly higher than in women with natural conception. The highest rates were in the group after combined infertility. Conclusions. The level of hormones: estradiol and progesterone in pregnant women after IVF at 7–10 weeks was higher than in women with a history of infertility during natural conception. Already at 11–14 weeks, the same indicators in the same groups did not differ. After natural conception, the rate of increase in estradiol significantly outpaced the increase in progesterone levels in pregnant women with a history of infertility. The concentration of PAPP-A in the first trimester in pregnant women after IVF did not significantly differ from those in women with natural conception. The content of β-hCG at 11–14 weeks in groups of pregnant women after IVF was 1.5–2 times higher. The highest rates were in pregnant women with a history of concomitant infertility. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of these Institutes. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interest was declared by the authors. Key words: estradiol, progesterone, β-hCG, PAPP-A, pregnancy after infertility.

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