Stable isotope tracing of fertilizer sulphur uptake by lodgepole pine: foliar responses

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. T. Sanborn ◽  
R. P. Brockley ◽  
B. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Isotopic Analysis ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Isotope Tracer ◽  
S Uptake ◽  
Stable S Isotopes ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Sulphur Uptake

A plot-scale fertilizer sulphur (S) stable isotope tracer study was established in 2001 in the Sub-Boreal Spruce biogeoclimatic zone in central interior British Columbia where S deficiencies are common in lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Wats.) stands. Treatments used operationally realistic applications of 300 kg N·ha–1 as urea and 100 kg S·ha–1 as either sulphate (SO4) or elemental S (S0). δ34S values of fertilizer S differed by >9‰ from pretreatment δ34S values of total S in foliage at the two study sites (5.2‰ and 8.2‰). These differences enabled quantification of fertilizer uptake using isotopic analysis of post-treatment foliar S. Addition of K2SO4 with δ34S of +17.5‰ increased foliar δ34S by 3.5‰ and 6.6‰ at the two sites, respectively, in the year after treatment, indicating fertilizer contributions >40% to foliar total S. For a S0 fertilizer application with a δ34S value of +19.3‰, foliar δ34S increases were smaller but steadily increased, resulting in an average tracer S uptake of ~20% over three years. These results confirmed the more rapid availability of S from SO4-based fertilizers and demonstrated the feasibility of field tracer experiments using stable S isotopes at natural abundance levels.

Ectomycorrhizas of regenerating stands of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta)

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
S M Bradbury ◽  
R M Danielson ◽  
S Visser
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Fruit Body ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Cenococcum Geophilum ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Study Sites

The ectomycorrhizal community associated with regenerating lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Loud.) after clear-cutting in southwestern Alberta was investigated in 6-, 10-, and 19-year-old cut blocks and their adjacent 90-year-old undisturbed control stands. Twenty different mycorrhizal taxa were found in the 90-year-old undisturbed stands. Of these 20, 13 mycorrhizal taxa were found in the 6-year-old cut blocks, and 15 mycorrhizal taxa were found in both the 10- and 19-year-old cut blocks. The most common associate of all stand ages was Mycelium radicis atrovirens Melin (MRA), which overall colonized 29% (weighted average) of the root tips. Species or groups accounting for greater than 10% of the mycorrhizas in one or more age classes included Piloderma fallax (Karst.) Jül. (15% overall), Piloderma byssinum (Karst.) Jül. (11%), Cenococcum geophilum L. (8%), Russula-like (8%), Suillus brevipes (Pk.) Kuntze (5%), Suillus tomentosus (Kauff.) Sing., Snell & Dick (5%), and Lactarius deliciosus (L.:Fr.) S.F. Gray (2%). Although several mycorrhizal fungi exhibited significant differences in percent relative abundance of root tips colonized, when comparing cut blocks to their controls, there was no evidence to suggest that the suite of mycorrhizal fungi colonizing roots of young lodgepole pine trees was replaced by a different suite of mycorrhizal fungi in mature stands. Extensive fruit body collections, totalling 43 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi, throughout the study sites support this contention.Key words: Pinus contorta ectomycorrhizas, clear-cutting, second-rotation forests, succession.

scholarly journals Recolonization of Substrates Burned in the 1988 Yellowstone Park Fires by Cryptogams (Lichens, Mosses, Fungi)

2001 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Eversman
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Initial Return ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
One Year

The fires of 1988 in Yellowstone National Park burned 1.1 million acres (1719.4 square miles) within the park boundaries, about 44.5% of the park. Six per cent of the area burned was meadow­grassland and 94% was forests. Most of the forested areas that burned were dominated by lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud), with smaller tracts of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco)), Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry) and whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.). The burns were mosaic in nature, leaving different sizes of areas severely burned, moderately burned and unburned, and adjacent patches of mostly ground fires, mostly canopy fires, both ground and canopy fires or unburned stands (Rothermel et al., 1994). Many park projects have documented recovery of vascular plants, especially lodgepole pine and the understory perennials (Anderson & Romme, 1991; Baskin, 1999; Foster, et al, 1999; Reed, et al ,1999; Tomback, et al, 2001; Turner et al, 1994, 1997). The conclusions were that lodgepole pine has regenerated itself, as expected, from seed sources in adjacent unburned patches. Herbaceous and shrubby understory regeneration has depended primarily on the plants that were present at the study sites before the fires, with regrowth from surviving underground parts as well as from nearby seed sources. This study investigates the initial return of non-vascular vegetation, lichens and mosses, all of which were presumably destroyed when their substrates were burned. None of the other Yellowstone studies included cryptogam observations. Studies concentrating on recolonizing cryptogamic crusts, including mosses, algae and lichens, on dryland soil after fires, have occurred in Utah (Johansen, et al, 1984) and Australia (Eldridge & Bradstock, 1994). Algae tended to return before lichens and mosses, especially during wet years, and after five years the lichens and mosses were recovering but not yet to pre-burn cover. Researchers have found that, on limestone, two lichen species colonized after four years. Thomas, et al. (1994) found that Ceratodon purpureus appeared to be insensitive to pH differences of burned peat surfaces and readily colonized ashed surfaces within one year after fire; Polytrichum piliferum was dominant after three years.

scholarly journals Economic Analysis of Growth Effects of Thinning and Fertilization of Lodgepole Pine in Alberta, Canada

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 254-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asghedom Ghebremichael ◽  
David M. Nanang ◽  
Richard Yang
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Soil Expectation Value ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Economic Analyses ◽  
Natural Stands

Abstract This study examined the economic profitability of eight combinations of thinning and fertilization treatments applied to 40-year-old natural stands of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. Var. latifolia Engelm) in Alberta, Canada. The eight treatments, consisting of four levels of nitrogen fertilizer application (0, 180, 360, and 540 kg ha−1) and two levels of thinning (thinned and unthinned), were applied in 1984 in a randomized complete block design with factorial treatments and nine replications per treatment. The diameters and heights of all trees on the experimental plots were measured in 1984, 1989, 1994, and 1999. A simple factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the 1984 volume as a covariate showed that both fertilization and thinning increased volume growth significantly. Economic analyses showed that thinning without fertilization was the most profitable treatment combination. The ranking of profitability was based on the soil expectation value and assumed that the thinnings had a commercial value. If thinnings had no market value, then the unthinned treatments were more profitable than their corresponding thinned ones. The profitability ranking was robust for real discount rates of 4 to 10%. To improve economic profitability, fertilization of lodgepole pine should be carried out when the stands are in an optimal stand density range for the site to ensure that the increased growth is concentrated on the most valuable trees with the best growth potential.North. J. Appl. For. 22(4):254–261.

Effects of nitrogen and boron fertilization on foliar boron nutrition and growth in two different lodgepole pine ecosystems

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 988-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
R P Brockley
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Height Increment ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Healthy Growth ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Boron Fertilization

The 9-year effects of nitrogen (N) and boron (B) fertilization on the growth and foliar B nutrition of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) were evaluated in two different ecosystems in the interior of British Columbia. When added alone, B had no effect on basal area or height increment. However, combined applications of N and B were superior to N alone in stimulating height development at both study sites. At one site, fertilization with N, alone and in combination with sulphur (S), resulted in a significant amount of top dieback symptomatic of severe B deficiency. No visible deficiency symptoms were observed when B was combined with N or N + S. Boron fertilization significantly increased foliar B concentrations at both study sites, and higher foliar B levels were maintained throughout the 9-year study period. Results suggest that significant visible symptoms of B deficiency in lodgepole pine are unlikely to occur at foliar levels >6 mg/kg, although subacute B deficiency may suppress height development in the absence of deficiency symptoms. When combined with nitrogenous fertilizers, B applications of 1.5–3.0 kg/ha are likely sufficient to achieve, and maintain, favourable B status and healthy growth of trees over a prolonged period.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of a Physical Barrier in Deterring Vole and Snowshoe Hare Feeding Damage to Lodgepole Pine Seedlings

1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd N. Zimmerling ◽  
Linda M. Zimmerling
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Protection Device ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Physical Barrier ◽  
Snowshoe Hares ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Protection Devices ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Seedling Protection

Abstract We examined the effectiveness of a tubular, polyethylene/polypropylene mesh seedling protection device in reducing overwinter feeding damage by snowshoe hares(Lepus americanus) and meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) on spring planted, plug stock (1 + 0) lodgepole pine(Pinus contorta). Seedlings fitted with the seedling protection devices (SPD) had significantly lower levels of feeding damage (3 and 9%) than control seedlings (25 and 41%) on two study sites. Most of the feeding damage to treated seedlings was the clipping of the terminal leader or laterals that were not protected by the protection device. In two instances, a vole tunneled under the seedling protection device to damage the stem of the treated seedling; however, this was the exception. This physical barrier can be effective in reducing feeding damage by small mammals on lodgepole pine. West. J. Appl. For. 13(1):12-14.

Longevity of windthrown logs in a subalpine forest of central Colorado

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 932-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M Brown ◽  
Wayne D Shepperd ◽  
Stephen A Mata ◽  
Douglas L McClain
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Subalpine Forest ◽  
Primary Study ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Central Rocky Mountains ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Cross Dating

The number of years since tree death for wind-thrown logs of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) and Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry) was used to examine the longevity of this component of coarse woody debris in an old-growth subalpine forest in the central Rocky Mountains. Death dates of downed logs were determined by dendrochronological cross-dating methods. We were able to determine death dates for 73 logs from both species, the oldest being a lodgepole pine dead 139 years ago. Sound lodgepole pine and Engelmann spruce logs lying on the ground persisted for many decades with a majority of their volume intact. No difference was seen in decay classes of logs collected from two primary study sites on opposite (north and south) exposures. There was also no significant difference in decay classes between the two species, although lodgepole pine logs were in general older than Engelmann spruce logs within any decay class. There was little decrease in the specific gravity of wood remaining in logs with time, although there was a corresponding greater loss of wood volume.

Forest structure altered by mountain pine beetle outbreaks affects subsequent attack in a Wyoming lodgepole pine forest, USA

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 2403-2412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Kashian ◽  
Rebecca M. Jackson ◽  
Heather D. Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
The 1960S

Extensive outbreaks of the mountain pine beetle ( Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) will alter the structure of many stands that will likely be attacked again before experiencing a stand-replacing fire. We examined a stand of lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson) in Grand Teton National Park currently experiencing a moderate-level outbreak and previously attacked by mountain pine beetle in the 1960s. Consistent with published studies, tree diameter was the main predictor of beetle attack on a given tree, large trees were preferentially attacked, and tree vigor, age, and cone production were unimportant variables for beetle attack at epidemic levels. Small trees killed in the stand were killed based mainly on their proximity to large trees and were likely spatially aggregated with large trees as a result of the previous outbreak. We concluded that the driving factors of beetle attack and their spatial patterns are consistent across outbreak severities but that stand structure altered by the previous outbreak had implications for the current outbreaks in the same location. This study should catalyze additional research that examines how beetle-altered stand structure affects future outbreaks — an important priority for predicting their impacts under climate change scenarios that project increases in outbreak frequency and extent.

Incidence of main stem infections of lodgepole pine by western gall rust decreases with tree age

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1314-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter V Blenis ◽  
Wuhan Li
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Precommercial Thinning ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Artificial Inoculations

Infection of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) by western gall rust has been shown to decrease with tree height and age, but the effects of those two factors have not been separated. Five replicate artificial inoculations were done on a total of 327 trees of different ages in two height classes. Temperature and percentage of spore germination at the height of inoculation, shoot development (stem elongation at the time of inoculation as a proportion of final shoot elongation), main stem leader length at the time of inoculation, tree height, and tree age were measured. Modeled percentages of infected trees and the number of galls per 10 cm of shoot length decreased by 85% and 88%, respectively, as tree age increased between 2 and 10 years, indicating the undesirability of early, aggressive precommercial thinning of lodgepole pine stands in areas where western gall rust is common. By controlling and (or) statistically accounting for inoculum, microclimate, and phenological factors, it was possible to demonstrate that changes in susceptibility with tree age are sufficient to account for the reduction in infection with tree height.

Modeling the effects of fire and climate change on carbon and nitrogen storage in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) stands

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. H. SMITHWICK ◽  
M. G. RYAN ◽  
D. M. KASHIAN ◽  
W. H. ROMME ◽  
D. B. TINKER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Nitrogen Storage ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen

Pathogenicity of postfire ascomycetes (Pezizales) on seeds and germinants of lodgepole pine

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 2368-2371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith N. Egger ◽  
J. W. Paden
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Seed Infection

Forty isolates of postfire ascomycetes (Pezizales) were tested for in vitro pathogenicity on seeds and germinants of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Dougl. Two known pathogens, Caloscypha fulgens (Pers.) Boud. and Botrytis cinerea Pers., were included as a check of the method. Caloscypha fulgens was the only fungus that caused serious declines in seed germination, although several species of postfire Pezizales were capable of preemergence seed infection. Rhizina undulata Fr. and Pyropyxis rubra (Peck) Egger were strongly pathogenic on germinants. Pyropyxis rubra was not previously known to be pathogenic. Many isolates were weakly pathogenic on germinants under the conditions tested.

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