scholarly journals Tree spatial pattern within the forest–tundra ecotone: a comparison of sites across CanadaThis article is a contribution to the series Tree recruitment, growth, and distribution at the circumpolar forest–tundra transition.

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen A. Harper ◽  
Ryan K. Danby ◽  
Danielle L. De Fields ◽  
Keith P. Lewis ◽  
Andrew J. Trant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Patch Size ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Forest Tundra ◽  
Local Variance ◽  
Tree Spatial Pattern ◽  
Subarctic Forest

Although many studies have focused on factors influencing treeline advance with climate change, less consideration has been given to potential changes in tree spatial pattern across the forest–tundra ecotone. We investigated trends in spatial pattern across the forest–tundra ecotone and geographical variation in the Yukon, Manitoba, and Labrador, Canada. Tree cover was measured in contiguous quadrats along transects up to 100 m long located in Forest, Ecotone, and Tundra sections across the forest–tundra transition. Spatial patterns were analyzed using new local variance to estimate patch size and wavelet analysis to determine the scale and amount of aggregation. Compared with the Forest, tree cover in the Ecotone was less aggregated at most sites, with fewer smaller patches of trees. We found evidence that shorter trees may be clumped at some sites, perhaps due to shelter from the wind, and we found little support for regular spacing that would indicate competition. With climate change, trees in the Ecotone will likely become more aggregated as patches enlarge and new patches establish. However, results were site-specific, varying with aspect and the presence of krummholz (stunted trees); therefore, strategies for adaptation of communities to climate change in Canada’s subarctic forest would need to reflect these differences.

scholarly journals Patterns of shrub abundance and relationships with other plant types within the forest–tundra ecotone in northern Canada

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 691-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen A. Harper ◽  
Amanda A. Lavallee ◽  
Pavel Dodonov
Keyword(s):  
Wavelet Analysis ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Generalized Least Squares ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
Cascading Effects ◽  
Forest Tundra ◽  
Plant Groups ◽  
Tall Shrub

Throughout the forest–tundra ecotone where trees and tall shrubs are becoming more abundant, knowledge of associations between shrubs and surrounding vegetation could inform predictions of their changing relationships. We assessed shrubs in 1 m × 1 m contiguous quadrats along two ∼450 m transects across tundra and ecotone landscapes near Churchill, Canada to determine patterns in relation to lakeshore edges, soil pH, microtopography, and other plant groups. We used wavelet analysis to assess patterns and generalized least squares for relationships with environmental variables. Shrubs were taller and more diverse at edges, particularly in tundra. The ecotone was more complex than tundra with greater variation in tall shrub and tree cover, shrub height, and microtopography. Shrub richness was positively correlated with microtopography but exhibited no relationship with pH. Bivariate relationships of shrubs with other plant groups varied for different scales. In tundra, shrub richness was negatively correlated with graminoids, forbs, and moss, but positively correlated with lichens within 1 m; opposite relationships were found at 4–60 m scales. Relationships in the ecotone were reversed and more complex at different scales. As trees encroach in the tundra, the spatial pattern of shrubs will become more complex at a variety of scales, likely with cascading effects on other plant types.

Tree cover response to climate change in the forest-tundra of north-central Canada: fire-driven decline, not northward advance

Ecoscience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin P. Timoney ◽  
Steven D. Mamet ◽  
Ryan Cheng ◽  
Peter Lee ◽  
Anne L. Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
North Central ◽  
Forest Tundra ◽  
Central Canada

scholarly journals Response of altitudinal vegetation belts of the Tianshan Mountains in northwestern China to climate change during 1989–2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Zhang ◽  
Lu-yu Liu ◽  
Yi Liu ◽  
Man Zhang ◽  
Cheng-bang An
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Tianshan Mountains ◽  
Northwestern China ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Altitudinal Belts ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWithin the mountain altitudinal vegetation belts, the shift of forest tree lines and subalpine steppe belts to high altitudes constitutes an obvious response to global climate change. However, whether or not similar changes occur in steppe belts (low altitude) and nival belts in different areas within mountain systems remain undetermined. It is also unknown if these, responses to climate change are consistent. Here, using Landsat remote sensing images from 1989 to 2015, we obtained the spatial distribution of altitudinal vegetation belts in different periods of the Tianshan Mountains in Northwestern China. We suggest that the responses from different altitudinal vegetation belts to global climate change are different. The changes in the vegetation belts at low altitudes are spatially different. In high-altitude regions (higher than the forest belts), however, the trend of different altitudinal belts is consistent. Specifically, we focused on analyses of the impact of changes in temperature and precipitation on the nival belts, desert steppe belts, and montane steppe belts. The results demonstrated that the temperature in the study area exhibited an increasing trend, and is the main factor of altitudinal vegetation belts change in the Tianshan Mountains. In the context of a significant increase in temperature, the upper limit of the montane steppe in the eastern and central parts will shift to lower altitudes, which may limit the development of local animal husbandry. The montane steppe in the west, however, exhibits the opposite trend, which may augment the carrying capacity of pastures and promote the development of local animal husbandry. The lower limit of the nival belt will further increase in all studied areas, which may lead to an increase in surface runoff in the central and western regions.

Impact of drilling waste pollution on land cover in a high subarctic forest-tundra zone

Pedosphere ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-425
Author(s):  
Anatoly OPEKUNOV ◽  
Marina OPEKUNOVA ◽  
Stepan KUKUSHKIN ◽  
Sergey LISENKOV
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Tundra Zone ◽  
Forest Tundra ◽  
Drilling Waste ◽  
Subarctic Forest

Rice exposure to cold stress in China: how has its spatial pattern changed under climate change?

2019 ◽  
Vol 103 ◽  
pp. 73-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pin Wang ◽  
Tangao Hu ◽  
Feng Kong ◽  
Junfeng Xu ◽  
Dengrong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Exposure To Cold

scholarly journals Cumulative growth and stress responses to the 2018-2019 drought in a European floodplain forest

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Schnabel ◽  
Sarah Purrucker ◽  
Lara Schmitt ◽  
Rolf A. Engelmann ◽  
Anja Kahl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Floodplain Forest ◽  
Central European ◽  
Mitigate Climate Change

Droughts increasingly threaten the worlds forests and their potential to mitigate climate change. In 2018-2019, Central European forests were hit by two consecutive hotter drought years, an unprecedented phenomenon that is likely to occur more frequently with climate change. Here, we examine trees growth resistance and physiological stress responses (increase in carbon isotope composition; Δδ13C) to this consecutive drought based on tree-rings of dominant tree species in a Central European floodplain forest. Tree growth was not reduced for most species in 2018, indicating that water supply in floodplain forests can partly buffer meteorological water deficits. Drought stress in 2018 was comparable to former single drought years, but the cumulative drought stress in 2019 induced drastic decreases in growth resistance and increases in Δδ13C across all species. Consecutive hotter droughts pose a novel threat to forests under climate change, even in forest ecosystems with high levels of water supply.

scholarly journals Does the long-term success of REDD+ also depend on biodiversity?

Oryx ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Hinsley ◽  
Abigail Entwistle ◽  
Dorothea V. Pio
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
Forest Composition ◽  
Tree Survival

AbstractOriginally proposed in 2005 as a way to use financial incentives to tackle global climate change, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD) has evolved to include conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks, in what is now known as REDD+. Biodiversity protection is still viewed principally as a co-benefit of the REDD+ process, with conservation of forest tree cover and carbon stocks providing the main measure of success. However, focusing solely on tree cover and carbon stocks does not always protect other species, which may be threatened by other factors, most notably hunting. We present evidence from the literature that loss of biodiversity can affect forest composition, tree survival and forest resilience and may in some cases ultimately lead to a reduction in carbon storage. We argue that REDD+ projects should specifically mitigate for threats to biodiversity if they are to maximize carbon storage potential in the long term.

Intergovernmental panel on climate change’s landfill methane protocol: Reviewing 20 years of application

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 827-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max J Krause
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Landfill Gas ◽  
Emission Inventories ◽  
Field Validation ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Methane Generation ◽  
National Estimates ◽  
Practical Tool

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) protocol for predicting national methane emission inventories from landfills was published 22 years ago in the 1996 Revised Guidelines. There currently exists a broad dataset to review landfill parameters and reported values and their appropriateness in use and application in a range of site-specific, regional, and national estimates. Degradable organic carbon (DOC) content was found to range from 0.0105 to 0.65 g C/g waste, with an average of 0.166 g C/g waste. The fraction of DOC that would anaerobically degrade (DOC f) was reported to range from 50–83%, whereas higher and lower values have been experimentally determined for a variety of waste components, such as wood (0–50%) and food waste (50–75%). Where field validation occurred for the methane correction factor, values were substantially lower than defaults. The fraction of methane in anaerobic landfill gas ( F) default of 50% is almost universally applied and is appropriate for cellulosic wastes. The methane generation rate constant ( k) varied widely from 0.01 to 0.51 y−1, representing half-lives from 1 to 69 years. Methane oxidation (OX) default values of 0 and 10% may be valid, but values greater than 30% have been reported for porous covers at managed sites. The IPCC protocol is a practical tool with uncertainties and limitations that must be addressed when used for purposes other than developing inventories.

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