Characteristics of downed wood across headwater riparian ecotones: integrating the stream with the riparian area

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1604-1614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn L. Holmes ◽  
P. Charles Goebel ◽  
Arthur E.L. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Riparian Forest ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Transitional Zone ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
Riparian Area ◽  
Holistic Management ◽  
Decay Class ◽  
Structural Relationships ◽  
Downed Wood ◽  
Traditional Approaches

Although downed wood is a significant structural component of riparian ecotones, most studies of downed wood dynamics are conducted only within the stream bankfull channel or on the riparian forest floor. We examined downed wood structural characteristics (e.g., length, volume, and decay class) across the entire riparian ecotone of seven headwater streams in mature deciduous forests of northeastern Ohio to understand the structural relationships between downed wood and riparian ecotones. Sampling was stratified by hydrogeomorphic zones that were defined by lateral position within the riparian ecotone and correspond to differing fluvial geomorphology. Most downed wood pieces sampled were small (<1 m) and with a high decay class. Downed wood pieces within the baseflow zone (within the wetted channel) were smaller and more abundant than those within the transitional zone (within the bankfull channel excluding the wetted channel). Surface contact was inversely related to aquatic influence across the riparian ecotone, with downed wood in Zone 3 (riparian area beyond the bankfull channel) having significantly higher contact than wood within the other zones. The ecotonal approach and the incorporation of hydrogeomorphic influences is an alternative approach that moves beyond traditional approaches to more holistic management of riparian forests.

scholarly journals A Typological Classification for Assessing Farm Sustainability in the Italian Bovine Dairy Sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7097
Author(s):  
Margherita Masi ◽  
Yari Vecchio ◽  
Gregorio Pauselli ◽  
Jorgelina Di Pasquale ◽  
Felice Adinolfi
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Structural Relationships ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
The Social ◽  
European Policies ◽  
Farm Sustainability ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Cluster Analysis Technique

Italy is among the most important countries in Europe for milk production. The new European policies encourage a transition towards sustainability and are leading European dairy farms to follow new trajectories to increase their economic efficiency, reduce their environmental impact, and ensure social sustainability. Few studies have attempted to classify dairy farms by analyzing the relationships between the structural profiles of farms and the social, environmental, and economic dimensions of sustainability. This work intends to pursue this aim through an exploratory analysis in the Italian production context. The cluster analysis technique made it possible to identify three types of dairy farms, which were characterized on the basis of indicators that represented the three dimensions of sustainability (environmental, social, and economic sustainability) and the emerging structural relationships based on the structural characteristics of the dairy farms. The classification made it possible to describe the state of the art of the Italian dairy sector in terms of sustainability and to understand how different types of farms can respond to the new European trajectories.

scholarly journals Interplay of riparian forest and groundwater in the hillslope hydrology of Sudanian West Africa (northern Benin)

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 5079-5096 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Richard ◽  
S. Galle ◽  
M. Descloitres ◽  
J.-M. Cohard ◽  
J.-P. Vandervaere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Riparian Forest ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Groundwater Table ◽  
Actual Evapotranspiration ◽  
Virtual Experiment ◽  
Deep Groundwater ◽  
Riparian Area ◽  
Study Results

Abstract. Forests are thought to play an important role in the regional dynamics of the West African monsoon, through their capacity to extract water from a permanent and deep groundwater table to the atmosphere even during the dry season. It should be the case for riparian forests too, as these streambank forests are key landscape elements in Sudanian West Africa. The interplay of riparian forest and groundwater in the local hydrodynamics was investigated, by quantifying their contribution to the water balance. Field observations from a comprehensively instrumented hillslope in northern Benin were used. Particular attention was paid to measurements of actual evapotranspiration, soil water and deep groundwater levels. A vertical 2-D hydrological modelling approach using the Hydrus software was used as a testing tool to understand the interactions between the riparian area and the groundwater. The model was calibrated and evaluated using a multi-criteria approach (reference simulation). A virtual experiment, including three other simulations, was designed (no forest, no groundwater, neither forest nor groundwater). The model correctly simulated the hydrodynamics of the hillslope regarding vadose zone dynamics, deep groundwater fluctuation and actual evapotranspiration dynamics. The virtual experiment showed that the riparian forest transpiration depleted the deep groundwater table level and disconnected it from the river, which is consistent with the observations. The riparian forest and the deep groundwater table actually form an interacting transpiration system: the high transpiration rate in the riparian area was shown to be due to the existence of the water table, supplied by downslope lateral water flows within the hillslope soil layer. The simulated riparian transpiration rate was practically steady all year long, around 7.6 mm d−1. This rate lies within high-end values of similar study results. The riparian forest as simulated here contributes to 37% of the annual hillslope transpiration, and reaches 57% in the dry season, whereas it only covers 5% of the hillslope area.

scholarly journals Distilling Deep Structural Facial Relationships for FAU Intensity Estimation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingruo Fan ◽  
Jacqueline CK Lam ◽  
Victor On Kwok Li
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Training Model ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Intensity Estimation ◽  
Structural Relationships ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Comparable Performance ◽  
Knowledge Distillation ◽  
The Difference

<div> <div> <div> <p>Facial emotions are expressed through a combination of facial muscle movements, namely, the Facial Action Units (FAUs). FAU intensity estimation aims to estimate the intensity of a set of structurally dependent FAUs. Contrary to the existing works that focus on improving FAU intensity estimation, this study investigates how knowledge distillation (KD) incorporated into a training model can improve FAU intensity estimation efficiency while achieving the same level of performance. Given the intrinsic structural characteristics of FAU, it is desirable to distill deep structural relationships, namely, DSR-FAU, using heatmap regression. Our methodology is as follows: First, a feature map-level distillation loss was applied to ensure that the student network and the teacher network share similar feature distributions. Second, the region-wise and channel-wise relationship distillation loss functions were introduced to penalize the difference in structural relationships. Specifically, the region-wise relationship can be represented by the structural correlations across the facial features, whereas the channel-wise relationship is represented by the implicit FAU co-occurrence dependencies. Third, we compared the model performance of DSR-FAU with the state-of-the-art models, based on two benchmarking datasets. Our proposed model achieves comparable performance with other baseline models, though requiring a lower number of model parameters and lower computation complexities. </p> </div> </div> </div>

scholarly journals Structural characteristics and intermolecular organization of human pulmonary-surfactant-associated proteins

1986 ◽  
Vol 240 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
S W Crawford ◽  
R P Mecham ◽  
H Sage
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Surfactant ◽  
Peptide Mapping ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Structural Relationships ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
Cross Links ◽  
Covalently Linked

The structural relationships and intermolecular organization among the proteins associated with pulmonary surfactant are largely unknown. We studied the pulmonary-surfactant-associated proteins in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from a patient with the clinical syndrome of alveolar proteinosis. The major proteins with Mr values of 32,000-36,000 and 62,000 formed thiol-dependent complexes (Mr greater than 400,000) with intermolecular disulphide bonds present in the collgenase-sensitive domains of these proteins. In contrast, other proteins, which were collagenase-insensitive, formed thiol-dependent oligomers that were not covalently linked to the major proteins. The associations of these proteins in the surfactant of a normal individual were similar. By amino acid analysis, two-dimensional peptide mapping and bacterial-collagenase digestion the 32,000-36,000-Mr and 62,000-Mr proteins were nearly identical. Differences in CNBr cleavage products suggested that the larger of the proteins was formed by non-disulphide, covalent, cross-links in the collagenase-sensitive domains of the 32,000-36,000-Mr proteins. Thus the evidence suggested that the lipid-associated proteins of Mr 32,000-36, 000 contained both disulphide and non-disulphide cross-links in the collagen-like N-terminal region of the proteins and form higher-Mr complexes. This organization may support the three-dimensional conformation of surfactant in the alveolar space.

Measuring Structural Change

2019 ◽  
pp. 348-362
Author(s):  
Célestin Monga ◽  
Samuel Standaert
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Outcome Index ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
New Structural Economics

This chapter examines the specific problems that arise when creating an index of structural change and development, and offers recommendations to address them. It first considers the four steps to composing a policy index and an outcome index: define what the index is trying to measure; identify suitable indicators that track (parts of) the definition decided upon in the first step; normalize the individual indicators and aggregate them into the final index; and analyse the index and report on the results. The chapter then discusses traditional approaches to measuring structural transformation, along with their shortcomings, before introducing a new approach. Insights from New Structural Economics are highlighted, including the argument that the desired structural characteristics of countries are determined by their comparative advantage, which in turn depends on their level of development.

scholarly journals Magneto-structural relationships in Cu(II) containing hybrid materials

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C1370-C1370
Author(s):  
Melanie Rademeyer ◽  
Shalene Bothma ◽  
Stefan Coetzee ◽  
David Liles ◽  
Mark Turnbull ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Materials ◽  
Hybrid Material ◽  
Crystal Engineering ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Organic Component ◽  
Magnetic Data ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
Magnetic Exchange ◽  
Structural Characterisation ◽  
Structural Relationships

The combination of inorganic Cu(II) halides with organic amine moieties within a single hybrid material allows for the combination of the properties of both components in a single material. Cu(II) ions may afford magnetic properties to such a hybrid material, while the organic component can be employed to template the structure and to shield the magnetic ions, thereby controlling the magnetic dimensionality of the structure. In this investigation, structural characterisation by single crystal X-ray diffraction and magnetic susceptibility measurements employing SQUID magnetometry, allows for the identification of magneto-structural relationships in the materials. Examples highlighting the magneto-structural properties in these Cu(II) containing hybrid materials will be presented. The effect of changes in organic component or anion on the structural characteristics will be analysed using the principles of crystal engineering, while the magnetic data is fitted to suitable quantum mechanical models to allow for the identification of magnetic exchange pathways and -parameters. It will be shown how computational techniques may assist in the interpretation of the magnetic data.

Microsurgical Endoscope-Assisted Gravity-Aided Transfalcine Approach for Contralateral Metastatic Deep Medial Cortical Tumors

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 724-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garni Barkhoudarian ◽  
Daniel Farahmand ◽  
Robert G Louis ◽  
Erol Oksuz ◽  
Danjuma Sale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Resection ◽  
Metastatic Tumor ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
Metastatic Tumors ◽  
Total Resection ◽  
Tumor Visualization ◽  
Surgical Ergonomics ◽  
Endoscopic Assistance ◽  
Brain Retraction ◽  
Traditional Approaches

Abstract BACKGROUND Traditional approaches to deep medial cortical tumors utilize transcortical or ipislateral interhemispheric approaches, which can result in cortical damage or retraction injury. To reduce these risks, the microscopic transfalcine approach has been previously described. OBJECTIVE To describe this approach performed with endoscopic assistance for metastatic tumor resection, demonstrating appropriate and safe tumor resection without injury to the contralateral hemisphere. METHODS Eleven consecutive patients harboring medial, deep metastatic tumors are reported. Tumor resection was performed with endoscopic assistance with 2 surgeons. Clinical outcomes are recorded. RESULTS All 11 patients underwent safe tumor resection. Gross total resection was achieved in 73% of patients. The application of the angled endoscope allowed for further tumor resection in 91% of patients. There were no complications in these patients. The contralateral brain did not demonstrate clinical or radiographic injury as well. CONCLUSION This series suggests that the endoscopic transfalcine approach in the lateral position can be a safe and effective approach for resecting medial interhemispheric metastatic tumors. It allows excellent tumor visualization, eliminates the need for brain retraction, minimizes parenchymal transgression, and improves surgical ergonomics. A familiarity of endoscopy and neuroanesthesia support is helpful when utilizing this approach.

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