Growth, phenology, and cold hardiness of 32 Douglas-fir full-sib families

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 1821-1834 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Hawkins ◽  
M. Stoehr
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Final Height ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Freezing Damage ◽  
Family Selection ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Sib Families

Thirty-two full-sib families of coastal Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) with a range of predicted breeding values were monitored for growth rate, phenology, and cold hardiness over 2 years on two sites to investigate if other traits are being selected when family selection is based on height. Significant differences among families existed in most phenological, growth, and cold-hardiness traits. On average, taller families burst bud later but did not have significantly different growth rates or length of growing period than other families. We found no significant correlations between family date of bud burst and cold hardiness in late spring or between duration of shoot growth or height and autumn freezing damage. Family differences in freezing tolerance were greatest in September and October. In these months, family current-year leaf nitrogen was positively correlated with cold hardiness. Families that were most hardy in the autumn were not the most hardy families in spring. We conclude that, for the studied breeding series, selection based on height does not have a significant impact on cold hardiness. We found no consistent relationships between phenological, growth, or cold-hardiness parameters and final height that could explain family ranking by height. Relationships between grandparent elevation and dates of bud burst and cold hardiness were observed.

Genetic variation in fall cold hardiness in coastal Douglas-fir in western Oregon and Washington

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (7) ◽  
pp. 1110-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bradley St. Clair
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Population Differences ◽  
Bud Set

Genetic variation in fall cold damage in coastal Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii ) was measured by exposing excised branches of seedlings from 666 source locations grown in a common garden to freezing temperatures in a programmable freezer. Considerable variation was found among populations in fall cold hardiness of stems, needles, and buds compared with bud burst, bud set, and biomass growth after 2 years. Variation in fall cold hardiness was strongly correlated (r = 0.67) with cold-season temperatures of the source environment. Large population differences corresponding with environmental gradients are evidence that natural selection has been important in determining genetic variation in fall cold hardiness, much more so than in traits of bud burst (a surrogate for spring cold hardiness), bud set, and growth. Seed movement guidelines and breeding zones may be more restrictive when considering genetic variation in fall cold hardiness compared with growth, phenology, or spring cold hardiness. A regional stratification system based on ecoregions with latitudinal and elevational divisions, and roughly corresponding with breeding zones used in Oregon and Washington, appeared to be adequate for minimizing population differences within regions for growth and phenology, but perhaps not fall cold hardiness. Although cold hardiness varied among populations, within-population and within-region variation is sufficiently large that responses to natural or artificial selection may be readily achieved.

scholarly journals Genetic Variation in Cold Hardiness and Phenology Between and Within Turkish Red Pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) Populations: Implications for Seed Transfer

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Kandemir ◽  
Zeki Kaya ◽  
F. Temel ◽  
S. Önde
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Final Height ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Pinus Brutia ◽  
Bud Set ◽  
Cold Damage ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
Turkish Red Pine

Abstract Wind-pollinated seeds from 40 trees (half-sib families) were collected from each of six Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) populations in southern Turkey. Two-year old seedlings were evaluated for growth, phenology and cold resistance in a common garden experiment established in Ankara, located outside the species’ natural range. Each family was represented with a six-tree row plot within each of the three replications. The below freezing temperatures (-15.2°C) observed in January and February of 2000 were sufficient to observe visually- assessable-cold damage to the seedlings. The populations significantly differed in all traits under investigation except for second flushing in 1999. Populations originating from more inland and higher elevation areas were more resistant to cold than coastal low elevation populations. Families within populations were significantly different as regards all traits except HT00. Family heritability for bud burst was 0.40, and ranged from 0.12 to 0.37 for height, and from 0.20 to 0.23 for bud set. Final height of cold damage prone seedlings was shorter than cold tolerant seedlings. Families with early bud-set, later bud-burst and shorter second flush shoots suffered less from cold damage. Considering the expected climate change in the eastern Mediterranean, there is a potential for using this species outside its natural range, especially in sites experiencing more continental climate since it will be possible to move the species 200-300 m in altitude and 2-3 degrees in latitude.

Ecological adaptations in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii var. glauca) populations. III. Central Idaho

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 626-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald E. Rehfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Population Means ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Central Idaho

Growth, phenology, and cold hardiness of seedlings from 74 populations of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco) from central Idaho were compared in four contrasting environments. Analyses of 3-year-old seedlings revealed population differentiation for eight variables: bud burst, bud set, multiple flushing, height, deviation from regression of 3-year height on 2-year height, spring frost damage, fall frost damage, and winter injury. These analyses, as well as high intercorrelations among population means, suggested that adaptations result from a balance between selection for a high growth potential in mild environments and selection for cold hardiness in severe environments. Consequently, genetic variation among populations was closely related to the elevation, geography, and climate of the seed source.

Genetics of cold hardiness in a cloned full-sib family of coastal Douglas-fir

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 837-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
T S Anekonda ◽  
W T Adams ◽  
S N Aitken ◽  
D B Neale ◽  
K D Jermstad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Cold Injury ◽  
Narrow Sense ◽  
Family Selection ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Breeding Populations

Variation in cold-hardiness traits, and their extent of genetic control and interrelationships, were investigated among individuals (clones) within a single large full-sib family of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) from Oregon. Cold injury to needle, stem, and bud tissues was evaluated in fall 1996 and spring 1997 following artificial freeze testing of detached shoots collected from 4-year-old ramets (rooted cuttings). Variation among clones in cold-injury scores was significant (p < 0.01) for all shoot tissues in both fall and spring and averaged about three times the magnitude previously observed among open-pollinated families of this species. Thus, improving cold hardiness by within-family selection appears to hold much promise. Striking similarities in relative magnitudes of heritability estimates and genetic correlations in the full-sib family, compared with breeding populations, support the following hypotheses about the quantitative genetics of cold hardiness in this species: (i) heritability of cold hardiness (both broad-and-narrow-sense) is stronger in the spring than in the fall; (ii) cold hardiness of different shoot tissues in the same season is controlled by many of the same genes; and (iii) genetic control of fall cold hardiness is largely independent of cold hardiness in the spring.

Growth, survival, and physiology of Douglas-fir seedlings following root wrenching and fertilization

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. van den Driessche
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
High Survival ◽  
Growth Capacity ◽  
Root Growth Capacity

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were subjected to wrenching treatments during their 2nd year of growth in two experiments at different nurseries on Vancouver Island. Seedlings were wrenched with a fixed blade at 20–25 cm below the bed surface. In experiment 1 wrenching reduced water potential of trees on unirrigated loam soil by an average of 300 kPa during August and September. Wrenched trees lifted in October, which were stored at 2 °C until May, showed 25% higher survival than unwrenched trees 1 year after planting. Trees lifted in December had uniformly high survival (98%) and showed no effect of wrenching. Wrenched trees from irrigated plots had lower shoot length relative growth rates (RGR) than unwrenched trees during the year after planting. In experiment 2 wrenching treatments were applied to seedlings, growing in a loamy sand, for different periods between 15 May and 11 September as follows: (i) unwrenched, (ii) early summer, (iii) midsummer, (iv) late summer, (v) all summer. Three different levels of fertilization were applied to each wrenching treatment, and seedlings were lifted for storage at 2 °C in October and December. Stored trees and freshly lifted trees were planted at 700 m elevation on 3 March. Wrenching increased root dry weight, particularly when additional fertilizer was applied, but had no measurable effect on cold hardiness or root growth capacity. Nevertheless, late summer wrenching increased survival 5 and 7% above control 1 and 2 years after planting, when average survival was 47% after 1 year. Wrenching had little subsequent effect on new shoot growth of planted trees during 2 years after planting. However, late summer wrenched trees showed significantly more new shoot growth than all summer wrenched trees. Increasing fertilization reduced cold hardiness and survival of cold-stored trees, but increased root growth capacity. Cold hardiness, measured by electrical impedance, was correlated with survival of cold-stored trees after planting (r2 = 0.82). Root growth capacity, averaged over all fertilizer levels, was closely correlated with survival of stored and freshly lifted trees (r2 = 0.93). Foliar nutrient concentrations were reduced by wrenching, but fertilization increased nutrient reserves within the seedling.

Genetic selection for cold hardiness in coastal Douglas-fir seedlings and saplings

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1799-1807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory A O'Neill ◽  
Sally N Aitken ◽  
W Thomas Adams
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Bud Set

Genetic control of cold hardiness in two-year-old seedlings was compared with that in 7-year-old saplings of 40 open-pollinated families in each of two breeding populations (Coast and Cascade) of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) from western Oregon. In addition, the efficacy of bud phenology traits as predictors of cold hardiness at the two stages was explored. Fall and spring cold hardiness were assessed using artificial freeze testing. Similar genetic control of cold hardiness in seedlings and saplings is suggested by strong type-B genetic correlations (rB) between the two ages for fall and spring cold injury traits (rB[Formula: see text] 0.78) and by similar trends in individual tree heritability estimates (hi2), e.g., hi2was greater in spring (h–i2= 0.73) than in fall (h–i2= 0.36) and greater in the Coast population (h–i2= 0.69) than in the Cascade population (h–i2= 0.40) at both ages. Strong responses to direct selection are expected for spring cold hardiness at both ages and for fall cold hardiness in seedlings, even under mild selection intensities. Similar heritabilities in seedlings and saplings, and strong genetic correlations between ages for cold-hardiness traits, ensure that selection at one age will produce similar gains at the other age. Type-A genetic correlations (rA) between fall and spring cold hardiness were near zero in the Cascade population (rA= 0.08 and -0.14 at ages 2 and 7, respectively) but were moderate and negative in the Coast population (rA= -0.54 and -0.36, respectively). Bud-burst timing appears to be a suitable surrogate to artificial freeze testing for assessing spring cold hardiness in both seedlings and saplings, as is bud set timing for assessing fall cold hardiness in seedlings, but bud set timing is a poor predictor of fall cold hardiness in saplings.

Phenology of Bud Burst in Douglas-Fir Related to Provenance, Photoperiod, Chilling, and Flushing Temperature

1975 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert K. Campbell ◽  
Albert I. Sugano
Keyword(s):  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Bud Burst

Seasonal variation of abscisic acid in the dormant shoots of Douglas-fir

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 534-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe E. Webber ◽  
Murray L. Laver ◽  
Joe B. Zaerr ◽  
Denis P. Lavender
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Layer Chromatography

The occurrence of abscisic acid (ABA) in the dormant shoots of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) was confirmed by bioassay, thin-layer chromatography, gas–liquid chromatography, and gas–liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry. Seasonal variation of ABA in the buds, leaves, and stems was then determined using 2-trans-ABA as an internal standard. Concentrations of ABA were highest in the autumn for buds (2.1 μg/g) and needles (0.79 μg/g) and highest in January for stems (0.34 μg/g). The lowest concentrations for all tissues were in February and March, before bud burst. Close correlation of levels of ABA with previously measured physiological evidence of growth and metabolic activity suggests a possible role in the dormancy cycle of Douglas-fir.

scholarly journals Growth and nutrient uptake of Douglas fir seedlings at different rates of ammonium supply, with or without additional nitrate and other nutrients

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-341
Author(s):  
P.H.B. De Visser ◽  
W.G. Keltjens
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Pot Trials ◽  
N Dose ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Supply Level

Two pot trials were conducted on effects of soil acidification and excess ammonium on root and shoot development of juvenile Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) on an acid sandy forest soil. Experiment I included a control treatment (without fertilizer application) and different supply rates of NH4. Application of other nutrients to the NH4-fertilized pots was constant, while at one supply level the added N included 50% nitrate in order to study effect of N form. High supply rates of ammonium suppressed root length growth, but did not affect shoot growth during one season of application. Root and stem growth was stronger with a mixture of ammonium and nitrate than with pure ammonium as N source. Experiment II examined balanced fertilization, additional to nitrogen, at low and high NH4-N supply during a two-year period. Second year bud break was retarded and shoot growth depressed at high levels of ammonium supply. In August of the second year nearly all trees died that had received a total NH4-N dose of 230 kg/ha. Addition of base cations and P to ammonium application raised P and K needle concentrations, but could not prevent adverse effects of NH4, and even increased acidification of soil. In both experiments presence of a litter layer tended to increase tree growth, and alleviated adverse effects of ammonium in soil and needles. A corresponding fertilizer application in a mature Douglas fir stand on the same soil improved nutrition of P and K as well.

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