Rapid capture of growing space by red maple

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 1444-1452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songlin Fei ◽  
Kim C. Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Small Diameter ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Stand Conversion ◽  
Ability To Regenerate ◽  
History Of ◽  
Seed Origin ◽  
Stump Sprouts

Red maple ( Acer rubrum L.) is becoming increasingly dominant in forest stands throughout the eastern United States. To investigate the reasons for the increase, we examined the development of red maple and oak ( Quercus spp.) seedlings and stump sprouts following the harvest of oak-dominated stands. Within 7 years after harvest, red maple seedlings were present in far greater numbers and captured more growing space than all oaks combined. Growing space occupied by red maple stump sprouts exceeded oak sprouts by a ratio of 3.5:1. Through stump sprouts alone, red maple fully recaptured the amount of growing space it had previously occupied in the overstory 7 years after harvest. Results from similar but older stands show that red maple dominance is sustained into the third decade of stand development. Red maple surpassed all oaks combined in rapid site capture through both seed-origin and sprout-origin regeneration. Red maple’s superior ability to regenerate by sprouts is particularly favored by timber harvesting following a history of management and disturbance regimes that permit the accumulation of suppressed small-diameter red maple stems. Among the events and processes that promote stand conversion, timber harvesting may be the major proximal cause of the widespread, increasing dominance of red maple.

Precommercial Thinning Increases Diameter Growth of Appalachian Hardwood Stump Sprouts

1983 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil I. Lamson
Keyword(s):  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Prunus Serotina ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Precommercial Thinning ◽  
Stump Sprouts

Abstract In West Virginia crop trees were selected from 7- or 12-year-old yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), basswood (Tilia americana L.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), and northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) stump sprouts. Crop trees were dominant or codominant, well-formed sprouts that originated not more than 6 inches above groundline and did not fork in the lower 17 feet. Four treatments were evaluated: (1) control; (2) thinning; (3) pruning; and (4) thinning plus pruning. Five years after treatment the diameter (d.b.h.) growth of thinned sprouts was 1.5 times greater than that of control sprouts. Pruning did not cause a significant decrease in five-year d.b.h. growth. Height growth was not affected by the treatments. Most of the epicormic branches produced by pruning were dead five years after treatment. Natural pruning was reduced by thinning; the average clear bole length of thinned sprouts was about 2 feet shorter than that of the control sprouts. Survival was nearly 100 percent.

Beyond oak regeneration: modelling mesophytic sapling density drivers along topographic, edaphic, and stand-structural gradients in mature oak-dominated forests of Appalachian Ohio

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 1215-1227
Author(s):  
Don C. Radcliffe ◽  
Stephen N. Matthews ◽  
David M. Hix
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Active Management ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Sapling Density

Shade-tolerant mesophytic tree species tend to dominate the understories of present-day oak–hickory and mixed-hardwood forests in the eastern United States. We quantified the sapling density associations with abiotic and biotic variables for three important mesophytic species: red maple (Acer rubrum L.), sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), and American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) in southeastern Ohio. In this study, we sampled 165 permanent plots in oak-dominated, topographically diverse, mature (>90 years old), second-growth forests following a time span of 21–25 years (1993–1995 and 2016–2018) between samples on the Athens and Marietta units of the Wayne National Forest. Our models showed that sugar maple was strongly associated with high pH soils and red maple was strongly associated with low pH soils. Additionally, red maple was associated with upper slope positions and older stands, while American beech was associated with lower slopes, northeasterly aspects, and northeast-facing upper slopes. Basal area of competing species, solum depth, and management unit were not significantly related to sapling density for our focal species. American beech sapling density doubled between the two sampling periods, while densities of both maple species declined by half. Our results will help scientists and managers by providing insight into potential future composition of currently oak-dominated forests in areas without active management intervention.

scholarly journals Taper, Volume, and Weight of Small Black Cherry and Red Maple Trees in West Virginia

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-109
Author(s):  
John R. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Prunus Serotina ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Volume Equations

Abstract Taper, cubic foot volume, and green weight equations to multiple top diameters were developed for the main bole portion of small-diameter black cherry (BC; Prunus serotina Ehrh.) and red maple (RM; Acer rubrum L.) trees in northern West Virginia. Sample trees were selected from the 2- to 5-in.-diameter class and ranged from 30 to 60 ft in total height. Existing published cubic foot volume equations provided estimates from 6 to 40% lower than estimates from the proposed model form, depending on species and tree size. Based on the published weight equations selected for comparison, differences between the estimates from the proposed models and from the published model with the smallest weight difference from a pool of candidate models, total bole green weight was underestimated from 5 to 93% for BC and from 0.4 to 25% for RM, depending on species and tree size.

Implications of a predicted shift from upland oaks to red maple on forest hydrology and nutrient availability

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 716-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather D. Alexander ◽  
Mary A. Arthur
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
The United States ◽  
Net N Mineralization ◽  
Forest Hydrology ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Nutrient Inputs

Fire suppression has facilitated the spread of red maple ( Acer rubrum L.), a fire-sensitive, yet highly adaptable species, in historically oak-dominated forests of the eastern United States. Here, we address whether a shift from upland oaks to red maple could influence forest hydrology and nutrient availability because of species-specific effects on precipitation distribution and inorganic nitrogen (N) cycling. In eastern Kentucky, we measured seasonal variations in red maple, chestnut oak ( Quercus montana Willd.), and scarlet oak ( Quercus coccinea Münchh.) throughfall and stemflow quantity and quality following discrete precipitation events, and we assessed net N mineralization rates in underlying soils over a 2-year period (2006–2008). Throughfall was 3%–9% lower underneath red maple than both oaks, but red maple generated 2–3× more stemflow. Consequently, NH4+ throughfall deposition was less under red maple than chestnut oak, whereas stemflow-derived nutrient inputs were substantially larger for red maple than both oaks. Soils underlying red maple had 5–13× greater winter net nitrification rates than soils under both oaks and 20%–30% greater rates of seasonal net ammonification than soils under chestnut oak. These findings suggest a spatial redistribution of water and nutrients via precipitation as red maple dominance increases and point to stemflow as an important mechanism that may foster red maple competitive success, further bolstering the mesophication process in the United States.

scholarly journals Gloomy Scale (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) Ecology and Management on Landscape Trees

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G Just ◽  
Adam G Dale ◽  
Steven D Frank
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Deciduous Trees ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Climatic Warming ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Natural Areas ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Landscape Trees

Abstract Gloomy scale, Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), is native to the eastern United States and feeds on deciduous trees. In natural areas, it is a background herbivore that typically remains at low densities. Gloomy scale generally responds positively to warming with greater egg production, size, survival, and abundance. In urban areas, which are warmer than surrounding natural areas, gloomy scale is pestiferous on planted trees, particularly red maple (Acer rubrum L.; Sapindales: Sapindaceae) but other native maples as well. They live on the bark and damage host trees by feeding from plant cells and tissues, which deprives the trees of energy and nutrients, reducing the trees’ growth and overall health. Gloomy scales are likely to expand their range beyond the Southeast and become pestilent in new areas with continued climatic warming and urbanization. Here we present a review of the biology, ecology, response to environmental conditions, host range and damage, and management of gloomy scale.

scholarly journals Forest Disturbance Types and Current Analogs for Historical Disturbance-Independent Forests

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Brice B. Hanberry
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Forest Disturbance ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Disturbance Regimes ◽  
Historical Distribution ◽  
Lower Peninsula

Forest classifications by disturbance permit designation of multiple types of both old growth forests and shorter-lived forests, which auto-replace under severe disturbance, and also identification of loss of the disturbance type and associated forest. Historically, fire and flooding disturbance regimes, or conversely, infrequent disturbance, produced unique forests such as disturbance-independent forests of American beech (Fagus grandifolia), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) in the Eastern United States. However, disturbance has changed to primarily frequent mechanical overstory disturbance, resulting in novel forests. To demonstrate the transition to no-analog forests after disturbance change, I compared historical tree surveys (ca. 1837 to 1857) to current surveys in the Northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan. To establish widespread disturbance change effects, I also located where beech and hemlock are currently most abundant throughout the Eastern US compared to historical distribution of beech–hemlock forests. In the Northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan, beech and hemlock historically were about 30% of all trees, but currently, beech and hemlock are 2% of all trees. Red maple (Acer rubrum) increased from 1% to 11% of all trees and aspen (Populus) increased from 2% to 13% of all trees. The squared-chord difference between historical and current surveys was 0.40, or dissimilar forests. Areas with ≥20% beech and hemlock or ≥15% of either species decreased from about 52 million to 6 million hectares, with current distribution restricted to the Northeastern US. Current forests are dissimilar to historical forests, and this transition appears to be driven by disturbance regimes without historical analogs. Disturbance change may provide perspective in forest management for climate change.

scholarly journals Thermal Tolerance of Gloomy Scale (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in the Eastern United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G Just ◽  
Steven D Frank
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Southern Boundary ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Distribution Boundary ◽  
Scale Population ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
Temperature Exposure

Abstract An insect species’ geographic distribution is probably delimited in part by physiological tolerances of environmental temperatures. Gloomy scale (Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock)) is a native insect herbivore in eastern U.S. forests. In eastern U.S. cities, where temperatures are warmer than nearby natural areas, M. tenebricosa is a primary pest of red maple (Acer rubrum L.; Sapindales: Sapindaceae) With warming, M. tenebricosa may spread to new cities or become pestilent in forests. To better understand current and future M. tenebricosa distribution boundaries, we examined M. tenebricosa thermal tolerance under laboratory conditions. We selected five hot and five cold experimental temperatures representative of locations in the known M. tenebricosa distribution. We built models to predict scale mortality based on duration of exposure to warm or cold experimental temperatures. We then used these models to estimate upper and lower lethal durations, i.e., temperature exposure durations that result in 50% mortality. We tested the thermal tolerance for M. tenebricosa populations from northern, mid, and southern locations of the species’ known distribution. Scales were more heat and cold tolerant of temperatures representative of the midlatitudes of their distribution where their densities are the greatest. Moreover, the scale population from the northern distribution boundary could tolerate cold temperatures from the northern boundary for twice as long as the population collected near the southern boundary. Our results suggest that as the climate warms the M. tenebricosa distribution may expand poleward, but experience a contraction at its southern boundary.

scholarly journals Long-term fire history of maple (Acer) forest sites in the central St. Lawrence Lowland, Quebec

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 822-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serge Payette ◽  
Vanessa Pilon ◽  
Pierre-Luc Couillard ◽  
Mathieu Frégeau
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Fire History ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Quebec City ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Conifer Forest ◽  
Disturbance Factor ◽  
History Of

In the St-Lawrence lowlands, sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) is considered the dominant species of old-growth deciduous forests, whereas red maple (Acer rubrum L.) tends to dominate sites recently disturbed by logging and agricultural practices. Considering that the long-term influence of fire is not documented for such stands, we reconstructed the postglacial tree composition (as deduced from charcoal species) and fire history of a sugar maple stand (Ste-Françoise area) and a red maple stand (Villeroy area) located southwest of Québec City, Canada. The sites are 10 km apart and show contrasting soil and landform features. Using botanical identification and 14C dating of soil macrocharcoal, we found that fire struck both maple stands 14–20 times since deglaciation. Most fires occurred in the early Holocene and during the last 2000 years, with the mid Holocene being a period with low fire frequency or no fires. During the last 1600 years, the Villeroy stand shifted from a Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière – conifer forest to a mixed forest and, most recently, to a red maple stand as fire became more frequent, possibly due to human activities of the last 400 years. This study confirms the influence of fire on the development of maple forests. Fire should be considered as an important disturbance factor in the dynamics of temperate deciduous and mixed forests.

Chondrostereum purpureum as a biological control agent in forest vegetation management. I. Efficacy on speckled alder, red maple, and aspen in eastern Canada

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 841-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
D G Pitt ◽  
M T Dumas ◽  
R E Wall ◽  
D G Thompson ◽  
L Lanteigne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Speckled Alder ◽  
Stump Sprouts

As part of a national initiative, a series of experiments were established to evaluate the field efficacy of the indigenous fungusChondrostereum purpureum (Pers. ex Fr.) Pouzar as a biological agent in woody vegetation control. Separate experiments involving manual cuttings of speckled alder (Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), and aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) employed a common suite of treatments and randomized complete block design with five replications. Treatments, applied between June 26 and 29, 1995, included two formulations, each combined with two fungus isolates, 2139 from British Columbia and JAM6 from Ontario. Cutting only (no treatment) and stump treatments with triclopyr (Release®) and blank formulations were used as controls. Two growing seasons after treatment, triclopyr provided significantly greater control of target species than C. purpureum. The fungus exhibited its greatest efficacy on alder, resulting in a 72% reduction in stem volume index and 19% clump mortality over untreated controls. On red maple, isolate 2139 provided a 32% reduction in the volume of stump sprouts. On aspen, both isolates of C. purpureum resulted in a 35% reduction in the volume of stump sprouts and isolate 2139 provided an 88% reduction in the volume of root suckers. Efficacy appeared to vary among fungus isolates and target species, while formulation was less important.

Decay of birdseye sugar maple (Acer Saccharum) and curly red maple (Acer Rubrum)

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-297
Author(s):  
Tara Lee Bal ◽  
Katherine Elizabeth Schneider ◽  
Dana L. Richter
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Red Maple
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