Effects of symbiotic bacteria and tree chemistry on the growth and reproduction of bark beetle fungal symbionts

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1133-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.S. Adams ◽  
C.R. Currie ◽  
Y. Cardoza ◽  
K.D. Klepzig ◽  
K.F. Raffa
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Physical Separation ◽  
Ips Grandicollis ◽  
Symbiotic Fungi ◽  
Host Relationships ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Ophiostoma Montium ◽  
Bacterial Volatiles ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

Bark beetles are associated with diverse assemblages of microorganisms, many of which affect their interactions with host plants and natural enemies. We tested how bacterial associates of three bark beetles with various types of host relationships affect growth and reproduction of their symbiotic fungi. Fungi were exposed to volatiles from bacteria in an arena that imposed physical separation but shared airspace. We also exposed fungi to vapors of the host compound, α-pinene, and to combinations of bacterial volatiles and α-pinene. Bacterial volatiles commonly stimulated growth of Leptographium procerum (W.B. Kendr.) M.J. Wingf. and Grosmannia clavigera (Rob.-Jeffr. & R.W. Davidson) Zipfel, Z.W. de Beer & Wingf., which are symbiotic fungi of Dendroctonus valens LeConte and Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, respectively. They less commonly stimulated growth of Ophiostoma ips (Rumbold) Nannf., which is associated with Ips grandicollis Eichhoff. Some bacteria inhibited L. procerum, Ophiostoma montium (Rumbold) von Arx (another associate of D. ponderosae), and O. ips. Bacteria greatly stimulated spore production of symbionts of D. valens and D. ponderosae. α-Pinene strongly affected some of these relationships, causing amplification, reduction, or reversal of the interactions among the bacteria and fungi. Our results show that some bacteria associated with bark beetles directly affect fungal symbionts and interact with tree chemistry to affect fungal growth and sporulation. The strongest effects were induced by bacteria associated with beetles adapted to attacking living trees with vigorous defenses, and on fungal reproductive structures.

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN LEAVES AND FLOWERS OF CHROMOLAENA SCABRA (L. F.) R.M. KING AND H. ROB.

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-56
Author(s):  
PAULA ALEJANDRA GIRALDO VILLAMIL ◽  
ANDRÉS CAMILO ANDRADE BURBANO ◽  
LUIS POMBO OSPINA ◽  
JANETH ARIAS PALACIOS ◽  
ÓSCAR EDUARDO RODRÍGUEZ AGUIRRE
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Petroleum Ether Extract ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of leaf and flower extract in Chromolaena scabra (L. f.) R.M. King and H. Rob., against selected strains of bacteria and fungi. Methods: The agar diffusion method with plate perforation was developed; the microorganisms used were strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium digitatum. Rifampicin was used as a positive control. The evaluation was performed by measuring the diameter of the growth inhibition zones around the holes. The inhibitory effect of the plant extracts was obtained by its efficiency compared to the positive control. A comparison with fluconazole and ketoconazole was performed to determine how much of the extract is required to cause inhibition of fungal growth from the standard. Results: IC50 was determined by relating the ln of mass evaluated with respect to the square of the inhibition halo; ethanolic extracts of leaves and flowers of petroleum ether with IC50 values of 85.8 mg/ml and 50.3 mg/ml showed the highest inhibitory effect against S. aureus; the extract of petroleum ether and ethanol from leaves with IC50 of 64 mg/ml and 60 mg/ml, respectively. They were effective with A. niger. Leaf petroleum ether extract showed the best relative antifungal activity against A. niger with respect to fluconazole equivalent to 459.51 when fluconazole is 1.0. Conclusion: The extracts with high potential to inhibit the growth of microorganisms were determined to be ether flowers of petroleum and ethanol leaf extracts.

The Influence of Self-Marking With Fluorescent Powders on Adult Bark Beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen P. Cook ◽  
Fred P. Hain
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Adult Life Span ◽  
Ips Grandicollis ◽  
Simulated Rain ◽  
Reliable Procedure ◽  
Rain Events ◽  
Flight Initiation

Under laboratory conditions, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann and Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff) adults became self-marked with fluorescent powders upon emergence from treated logs. The technique provided a reliable procedure for marking adult bark beetles without having to handle them. When the powder remained dry, nearly all of the emerged beetles were marked. However, the percentage of marked beetles decreased dramatically following simulated rain events. Once marked, the mark remains intact on beetles stored dry or in ethylene glycol or ethanol (95%). Marking did decrease the adult life span of both D. frontalis and I. grandicollis, but had no significant effect on flight initiation by either species or semiochemical perception by I. grandicollis. No semiochemical tests were conducted with D. frontalis. If beetles are recaptured shortly following emergence and self-marking, the technique should be useful for examining scolytid dispersal in the field.

The influence of nutrients on fungal growth, productivity, and sporulation during leaf breakdown in streams

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1361-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keller Suberkropp
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Fungal Biomass ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Aquatic Hyphomycetes ◽  
Acetate Incorporation ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Leaf Breakdown ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Good Agreement ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

In streams, aquatic hyphomycetes degrade leaf litter and transform it into a more suitable resource for invertebrate detritivores. Previous studies have demonstrated that fungi comprise a major portion of the microbial biomass associated with decomposing leaves and that inputs of leaves in the autumn reduce the concentration of soluble phosphorus in the water. These observations indicate that fungi obtain inorganic nutrients from the water passing over leaf surfaces. However, very little is known concerning the effects of nutrients on the activity of the fungi growing within leaves. To examine this question, I determined fungal biomass (from ergosterol concentrations) and sporulation rates during the breakdown of yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) leaves in three streams that differed in water chemistry. I also estimated instantaneous growth rates by measuring rates of [14C]acetate incorporation into ergosterol and calculated fungal productivity from growth rates and biomass. Growth rates and productivity determined by this method showed good agreement with values calculated from changes in fungal biomass during early stages of leaf breakdown for two of the streams examined. Highest concentrations of fungal biomass and greatest fungal activity occurred in the stream with the highest concentrations of nutrients. However, differences in total fungal production and biomass were not as great as were differences among sporulation rates in the three streams suggesting that fungal allocation of resources to growth and reproduction can vary depending on nutrient availability. Key words: aquatic hyphomycetes, ergosterol, leaf breakdown, nutrients, fungal productivity, streams.

In Vitro Susceptibility of Silver Nanoparticles on Thai Isolated Fungus Pyricularia oryzae from Oryza sativa L. Leaves

2017 ◽  
Vol 866 ◽  
pp. 148-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duongruitai Nicomrat ◽  
Wannaphan Janlapha ◽  
Nuanchan Singkran
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Pyricularia Oryzae ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
Rice Leaves ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPS) have been known for their effectiveness as antimicrobial agents due to their extremely large relative surface areas increases their contact with bacteria and fungi thus improving its bacteriocidal and fungicidal effectiveness. In this experiment, AgNPs were tested for antifungal activity on a rice blast fungus, Pyricuralia oryzae which is anamorph of Magnaporthe oryzae. In Vitro inhibitory property of AgNPs were observed on the fungi isolated from rice leaves and the survival isolates after AgNP treatment. The results showed AgNPs retarded and reduced the fungal growth at low concentration of 25 μg ml-1. The retarded fungi after previously treated with AgNPs gave very slower hyphal growth. The results demonstrated that AgNP can strongly inhibit the fungal growth and colony formation. AgNPs can thus be improved to be promising antifungal agents against Pyricularia oryzae with its suitable formula of AgNP in the fungicidal materials.

THE BIOLOGY OF IPS CALLIGRAPHUS AND IPS GRANDICOLLIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN JAMAICA

1986 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Garraway
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
First Record ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Pinus Caribaea ◽  
Ips Grandicollis ◽  
Successful Attack ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
Ips Calligraphus

AbstractIps calligraphus (Germar) has previously been recorded from Jamaica but this is the first record of Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff) in the island. In Jamaica, both bark beetles attack 5 species of Pinus, 4 of which had not been previously recorded. The beetles thrive mainly on freshly cut logs and weakened trees, but recently they have been rising to economic importance in plantations. Successful attack on live trees is enhanced by mass aggregation of dispersing adults during invasion. Some adults may re-emerge after a phase of oviposition and disperse to new food sources. There is degeneration of flight muscles during oviposition, and regeneration to allow for another dispersive flight. In I. calligraphus attacking Pinus caribaea there was a mean of 26.74 ± 6.86 (mean ± SE) eggs per gallery, while in I. grandicollis there was 19.29 ± 3.04. The proportion of females at emergence was 0.57 ± 0.03 and 0.05 ± 0.02 in I. calligraphus and I. grandicollis, respectively.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of ampoules and vials in sterile and conventional packaging as to microbial load and sterility test

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Ribeiro de Aquino Freitas ◽  
Maria Angela Tardelli
Keyword(s):  
Outer Part ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Microbial Load ◽  
Hyperbaric Bupivacaine ◽  
Sterility Testing ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Testing Data ◽  
Anesthetic Solution ◽  
Sterile Plastic ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

ABSTRACT Objective To compare sterility and microbial (bacteria and fungi) load in the outer part of hyperbaric bupivacaine (Neocaína®) in ampoule and bupivacaine in vial, in conventional and sterile pack formulations. Methods The sterile packs were divided into two groups: G1 (n=16) with ampoules and G2 (n=16) with vials. Conventional formulations were divided into two groups, being G3 (n=16) with ampoules and G4 (n=16) with vials. The ampoules and vials were opened and had their content drawn. The empty bottles were then placed in sterile plastic bags and sent for analysis of microbial load (bacteria and fungi) and sterility testing. Data were analyzed using the χ2 test with Yates correction, and 95% confidence interval. Results G1 and G2 showed no bacterial growth when compared to conventional groups (p<0.001). The most common agent in conventional microbiological samples was Staphylococcus aureus. There was no fungal growth in both groups. Conclusion The use of (sterile pack) reduces the microbial load of bottles, and would decrease the chance of exposure to potential contamination of the anesthetic solution.

Some Scolytidae From the Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico

1966 ◽  
Vol 98 (8) ◽  
pp. 871-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Forest Composition ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
Sierra Madre Occidental ◽  
Sierra Madre ◽  
Host Relationships ◽  
Local Weather ◽  
Made In

AbstractA survey of the insect fauna in a part of the Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico was made in 1964 by a party of nine entomologists from the Canada Departments of Agriculture and Forestry. Approximately 50 species of Scolytidae in 20 genera were collected on this expedition and are listed with host relationships and distribution where possible. A brief discussion of the known biology of one of the major economic bark beetles, a species of Dendroctonus, is given. The local weather conditions and the forest composition are discussed generally for the benefit of future collectors in this area.

scholarly journals Dynamics of SARS-CoV2 Infection and Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria Superinfection in Patients With Assisted Mechanical Ventilation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annarita Mazzariol ◽  
Anna Benini ◽  
Ilaria Unali ◽  
Riccardo Nocini ◽  
Marcello Smania ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Mechanically Ventilated ◽  
Mechanically Ventilated Patients ◽  
Assisted Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Ventilated Patients

ObjectiveTo investigate the presence of bacteria and fungi in bronchial aspirate (BA) samples from 43 mechanically ventilated patients with severe COVID-19 disease.MethodsDetection of SARS-CoV-2 was performed using Allplex 2019-nCoV assay kits. Isolation and characterisation of bacteria and fungi were carried out in BA specimens treated with 1X dithiothreitol 1% for 30 min at room temperature, using standard culture procedures.ResultsBacterial and/or fungal superinfection was detected in 25 out of 43 mechanically ventilated patients, generally after 7 days of hospitalisation in an intensive care unit (ICU). Microbial colonisation (colony forming units (CFU) &lt;1000 colonies/ml) in BA samples was observed in 11 out of 43 patients, whereas only 7 patients did not show any signs of bacterial or fungal growth. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was identified in 17 patients. Interestingly, 11 out of these 17 isolates also showed carbapenem resistance. The molecular analysis demonstrated that resistance to carbapenems was primarily related to OprD mutation or deletion. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the second most isolated pathogen found in 13 samples, of which 8 were carbapenemase-producer strains.ConclusionThese data demonstrate the detection of bacterial superinfection and antimicrobial resistance in severe SARS-CoV-2-infected patients and suggest that bacteria may play an important role in COVID-19 evolution. A prospective study is needed to verify the incidence of bacterial and fungal infections and their influence on the health outcomes of COVID-19 patients.

scholarly journals The effect of culture media on the number and bioactivity of marine invertebrates associated fungi

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
AGUS TRIANTO ◽  
OCKY KARNA RADJASA ◽  
MADA TRIANDALA SIBERO ◽  
Agus Sabdono ◽  
DWI HARYANTI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Free Living ◽  
The Media ◽  
Suitable Habitats ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Abstract. Trianto A, Radjasa OK, Sibero MT, Sabdono A, Haryanti D, Zilullah WOM, Syanindyta AR, Bahry MS, Widiananto PA, Helmi M, Armono HD, Supriadi, Igarashi Y. 2020. The effect of culture media on the number and bioactivity of marine invertebrates associated fungi. Biodiversitas 21: 407-412. Marine ecosystem is rich with microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi either as free-living or in association with macro-organisms. Marine invertebrates provide suitable habitats for fungi by supplying space, food, and other chemicals stuff that in some cases is a reciprocal relationship or called mutualism symbiotic. Some marine invertebrates have interesting activities that are useful for human life such as anticancer, antifungal, and antibacterial. Many reports indicated that the fungal growth and their production of bioactive compounds were highly affected by the media or nutrition. In order to understand the effect of media on the number and bioactivity of the isolates, we collected the samples of marine invertebrates from two locations in Makassar. Invertebrate specimens were collected by hand during SCUBA diving at 3-10 m depths. The fungi were isolated by tapping method either on potato dextrose agar (PDA) or poor marine agar (PMA). The samples were collected from the Samalona water as much as 16 specimens that provided 30 and 18 fungal isolates on PDA and PMA, respectively, while, from the Barrang Cadi water, a total 14 specimens were collected to provide 12 and 3 isolates on PDA and PMA, respectively. All fungi from PMA inhibited the V. harveyi, V. vulnificus, and V. parahaemolyticus with weak, medium, and strong activities, while, the isolates from PDA were mostly not active against the Vibrios. Based on the molecular analyses, the active isolates were identified as Aspergillus flavus, A. oryzae, A. aculeatus, Talaromyces minioluteus, Hypocrea jecorina, Gliomastix murorum, Myrothecium inundatum, and Curvularia avinis. In conclusion, the isolates from PMA showed higher potential as source of antivibrio substances.

Review and synthesis of experimental data on organic matter decomposition with respect to the effect of temperature, moisture, and acidity

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotta Walse ◽  
Björn Berg ◽  
Harald Sverdrup
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Decomposition Model ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

A review and synthesis of experimental decomposition data was performed with the objective of finding parameter values for a decomposition model. Experimental data were retrieved from the literature and included data on mass loss rates, nitrogen mineralization rates, carbon dioxide evolution rates, and growth rates of bacteria and fungi. Environmental variables included in the synthesis were air temperature, soil moisture, and soil acidity (concentration of H+ and Al3+ in soil solution). The variables were assumed to act as separate, multiplicative rate regulating factors on soil microbial processes. The model outline includes four organic matter pools: (i) easily decomposable compounds, (ii) holocellulose, (iii) lignin, and (iv) resistant compounds. It was assumed that the decomposition of the easily decomposable substances can be modeled as the growth rate of bacteria, while the decomposition of lignin and resistant compounds can be modeled as the growth rate of fungi. The decomposition of the substances included in the holocellulose pool was assumed to follow an intermediate function. Results show that enough data are available for the parameterization of a model of the suggested type. The effect of temperature on decomposition rate seems to increase with decreasing nutrient concentration of the substrate. Decomposition rates increase with relative soil moisture saturation. Bacterial growth rates are generally more sensitive to low pH than fungal growth rates. Decomposition of mixed organic material is inhibited in an intermediate fashion. The combined impact of H+ and Al3+ on the growth rates of bacteria and fungi can be modeled with an ion-exchange expression, preferably the Vanselow expression. It was concluded that some additional experiments would be needed for further model development purposes. Such experiments should be set up as mass loss experiments and last for a minimum of 2 weeks.Key words: decomposition, model, acidification, aluminum, pH.

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