The effect of nursery substrate and fertilization on the growth and ectomycorrhizal status of containerized and outplanted seedlings of Picea abies

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu-Min Vaario ◽  
Arja Tervonen ◽  
Kati Haukioja ◽  
Markku Haukioja ◽  
Taina Pennanen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Wood Fibre ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Ecm Fungi ◽  
Influence Of Substrate

Over a 5 year period, we examined the influence of substrate and fertilization on nursery growth and outplanting performance of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). We focused on the relative growth and development of roots and shoots and the colonization intensity and diversity of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. In the nursery, a conventional substrate (low-humified Sphagnum peat) supplemented with woody material (wood fibre and pine bark) and either mineral or organic fertilizers yielded shorter seedlings than those grown on the unmodified substrate. However, after outplanting, the growth rate of seedlings cultivated on modified substrates was higher than that of seedlings grown on the unmodified substrate. Seedlings cultivated in modified substrates had significantly higher root/shoot ratios and ECM diversity; the latter remained significant after ≥3 years of outplanting. Seedlings grown on a substrate containing 50% woody material and supplemented with organic fertilizer had the highest growth rate among all seedlings during the 3 year period of outplanting. Colonization intensity of ECM fungi was high in all seedlings except for those grown in heavily fertilized substrate. This study suggests that nursery techniques that produce seedlings with higher root/shoot ratios and ECM diversities could improve plantation success and growth rate for at least the first 3 years of outplanting.

Growth and Development of Organic Arsenical-Susceptible and -Resistant Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) Biotypes Under Noncompetitive Conditions

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Haigler ◽  
Billy J. Gossett ◽  
James R. Harris ◽  
Joe E. Toler
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Xanthium Strumarium ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Growth Development

The growth, development, and reproductive potential of several populations of organic arsenical-susceptible (S) and -resistant (R) common cocklebur biotypes were compared under noncompetitive field conditions. Plant height, leaf area, aboveground dry weights, and relative growth rate (RGR) were measured periodically during the growing season. Days to flowering, bur dry weight, and number of burs per plant were also recorded. Arsenical S- and R-biotypes were similar in all measured parameters of growth, development, and reproductive potential. Populations within each biotype varied occasionally in plant height, leaf area, aboveground dry weights, and reproductive potential.

Effect of Photoperiod on Growth and Development of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 621 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Keating ◽  
GL Wilson ◽  
JP Evenson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Storage Root ◽  
Storage Roots ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Controlled Environments

Effects of photoperiod on growth and development of cassava were studied in controlled environments. Plants of cultivars M Aus 7 and M Aus 10 were grown under short (10-h) and long (16-h) photoperiods and harvested at approximately weekly intervals for a period of 13 weeks. Long photoperiods resulted in large increases in leaf area through increases in both number (both cultivars) and size of leaves (M Aus 7 only). The timing, extent and anatomical characteristics of storage root initiation were similar for both cultivars under 10-h and 16-h photoperiods but the subsequent balance between shoot and storage root growth strongly favoured shoot growth in long days. Dry matter partitioning followed a simple allometric pattern with the proportionality between the relative growth rate of shoots and the relative growth rate of storage roots remaining constant with time but being altered by photoperiod. Distribution to storage roots was quantitatively reduced in another experiment using M Aus 10 with each additional 1-h increment from 10-h to 16-h photoperiods. A treatment consisting of a short day (10 h) plus a 1-h night break in the middle of the dark period produced growth similar to long day treatment. Differences in cultivar response (Ceiba, CMC 84 and M Aus 7) to a range of photoperiods (11, 12, 13 and 14 h) were detected in a third experiment. The possible mechanisms and significance of these responses are discussed.

scholarly journals Stand-replacing disturbance does not directly alter the succession of Norway spruce regeneration on dead wood

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 417-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Červenka ◽  
R. Bače ◽  
M. Svoboda
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Forest Succession ◽  
Undisturbed Site ◽  
The Bohemian Forest ◽  
Decaying Wood ◽  
Disturbed Site ◽  
Severe Disturbance

Density of regeneration in European subalpine Norway spruce (Picea abies) forests is typically low with regeneration primarily located on dead or decaying wood. The post-disturbance development of this regeneration is crucial for natural forest succession. The aim was to identify the influence of disturbance on regeneration on decaying logs immediately after a severe disturbance event. Study plots were established in two subalpine spruce forests: the first, an undisturbed site located in the Hrubý Jeseník Mts. and the second site in the Šumava Mts. that has experienced recent severe disturbance. Regeneration density increased between 2008 and 2011 by 7% (0.29 individuals per square meter of log) at the undisturbed site and by 33% (3.24 individuals per square meter of log) at the disturbed site. The increased regeneration density observed at the disturbed site was mostly associated with the smallest saplings. The highest increase in regeneration density was observed on logs with the largest diameters. Three years after severe disturbance caused 100% mortality of the parent stand in the Bohemian Forest, no significant effect was recorded on the growth rate and survival of established spruce saplings on dead wood.  

scholarly journals Yield of soybeans depending on primary soil tillage and organic fertilizer aftereffect

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 00141
Author(s):  
V. G. Kutilkin ◽  
S. N. Zudilin ◽  
N. V. Chukhnina
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Time Increase ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
No Till ◽  
Heavy Loam ◽  
Primary Tillage

Studies were conducted on an experimental field of Samara State Agrarian University in 20072019 with the purpose of studying the influence of primary soil tillage of typical heavy loam chernozem and aftereffect of different organic fertilizers on the yield of soybeans. The most optimal conditions for the soil density were determined by plowing, which was 0.90-1.10 g / cm3 for the growth and development of soybeans. Primary tillage did not have any significant effect on the productive moisture reserves in the meter layer of soil. Shallow tillage and no-till contributed to a 1.3-time increase in weediness of soybean crops compared to plowing. The greatest crop yield 1.45 t / ha was collected by plowing, which was 0.25 and 0.44 t / ha higher than by shallow tillage and no-till respectively. The aftereffect of organic fertilizers promoted the additional soybean yield of 0.17-0.18 t / ha compared to the non-fertilized plot. New types of organic fertilizers were as good as manure in terms of impact on productivity.

scholarly journals THE GROWTH AND ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS BY FERTILIZED AND UNFERTILIZED WHITE SPRUCE SEEDLINGS

1966 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Armson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Abrupt Changes ◽  
Growth Development

A study was made of the effects of fertilizer additions on the growth and development of white spruce seedlings during their second growing season. In terms of dry weight increment, unfertilized trees grew for only two-thirds of the total growing season available as compared with fertilized trees. The relative growth rate curve for the fertilized trees was smooth with none of the abrupt changes which marked the curve for the unfertilized trees. The pattern of height growth was changed for seedlings which were fertilized. Nutrient uptake rates particularly for phosphorus were different under the two treatments and it is suggested that these differences were related to different patterns of height growth development and root extension.

scholarly journals Biochar enriched with organic fertilizer improves the survival and growth rate of Anthocepalus cadamba seedlings planted on degraded spodosols

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syahrinudin Syahrinudin ◽  
Wahjuni Hartati ◽  
Triyono Sudarmadji ◽  
Nurman Krisdianto ◽  
Ibrahim Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Seedling Growth Rate ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Abstract. Syahrinudin, Hartati W, Sudarmadji T, Krisdianto N, Ibrahim. 2019. Biochar enriched with organic fertilizer improves the survival and growth rate of Anthocepalus cadamba seedlings planted on degraded spodosols. Biodiversitas 20: 3741-3750. The application of biochar for the improvement of soil properties and fertility has drawn enormous interest worldwide nowadays and numerous application options are now available. This research was aimed to evaluate the effects of the application of biochar and organic fertilizers on the survival and growth of Anthocepalus cadamba seedlings planted on degraded spodosols soil on bioassay trial in the nursery. Bioassay trial was carried out in the nursery of Faculty of Forestry, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia, employing a 2-factors Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with factor 1 was the rate of biochar application (i.e. six levels of treatment: 0 (control), 2, 5, 10, 25 and 100%v of biochar), and factor 2 (enrichment of organic fertilizers, i.e. with enrichment and without enrichment), and each treatment combination had 3 replications. The results showed that biochar application alone improved height and diameter growth rate of A. cadamba seedlings by 253% and 116% of control treatment (without biochar), respectively. Enrichment of organic fertilizers gave further improvement in height and diameter growth rate of A. cadamba seedlings to 386% and 150% of control treatment (without biochar), respectively. Furthermore, biochar application improved survival and biomass growth rate of the seedlings. Enrichment of organic fertilizers into biochar improved not only seedling growth rate but also more interestingly the carrying capacity of spodosols to biochar application rate. We concluded that biochar application complemented with enrichment of organic fertilizers on spodosols is highly promising for the improvement of both soil carbon sequestration and plant growth performance.

scholarly journals Cool-season Turfgrass Color and Growth Habit Response to Elevated Levels of Ultraviolet-B Radiation

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward J. Nangle ◽  
David S. Gardner ◽  
James D. Metzger ◽  
Dominic P. Petrella ◽  
Tom K. Danneberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Treatment Initiation ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Ultraviolet B Radiation

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation poses a potential stress for plant growth and development due to its effect on photosynthesis and plant productivity. In the northern hemisphere, peak UV radiation exposure is predicted to occur from 2010 to 2020, with reduced color from UV-related injury, a possibility for turfgrasses. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) light on turfgrass growth and morphology in three cool-season grasses. Cultivars Barvado tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort., nom. cons.], Penncross and L-93 creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.), and Barlenium perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), were selected because of limited information on their growth and development in elevated UV conditions at heights of cut above 10 cm. The impact of UV-B light treatment on color, relative growth rate, and tillering was measured over a 4-week period in repeated experiments. Ultraviolet-B radiation levels were measured at 16 kJ·m−2·d−1 biologically effective UV-B light in growth chambers programmed for a day/night regime of 14/10 hours. Chamber temperatures were maintained at 20 °C day/17 °C night. Ultraviolet-B light significantly inhibited tiller production in the first experiment in all grasses except PR, whereas no grasses were inhibited in the second experiment. Relative growth rates in all grasses were significantly lower in UV-B conditions 3 weeks after treatment initiation. Turfgrasses exposed to this level of UV-B light at typical lawn heights-of-cut had lower color ratings compared with the non-UV-B-treated control at 2 weeks after treatment initiation. The experiments demonstrated that exposure to UV-B resulted in a decline of growth rate and color in cool-season turfgrasses within a timeframe of 2 weeks. Coarse-textured turfgrasses [tall fescue (TF)/perennial ryegrass (PR)] may be more adapted to higher UV-B conditions due to morphological differences compared with the finer textured varieties [creeping bentgrass (CB)].

Growth and Development of Pouch Young of the Stripe-faced Dunnart, Sminthopsis macroura (Marsupialia : Dasyuridae), in Captivity

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Frigo ◽  
P. A. Woolley
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Sminthopsis Macroura

The growth and development of the stripe-faced dunnart, Sminthopsis macroura (Gould), a small insectivorous marsupial, was examined and described from birth to weaning (a period of 65–70 days). All observations and analyses were based on known-age individuals from a laboratory colony. Growth curves showing the regression of body weight, head, pes, crown–rump, tail and head+body lengths as a function of age were constructed. Relative growth was determined by calculating the instantaneous relative growth rate, k, and two major phases of growth were recognised: during Phase I (birth to about Day 54 post partum) growth rate was rapid, and during Phase II (about Day 55 to weaning) a deceleration in growth rate was apparent. Growth rate may decline because of regression of the mammary tissue associated with the commencement of weaning. No significant relationship was found between month of birth and growth rate, and preliminary evidence suggests that litters of different sizes may grow at varying rates during Phase II of the suckling period. Preserved and living specimens were used to examine the development of young from birth to weaning.

Growth and development of the Murid Pseudomys novaehollandiae

1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
CM Kemper
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Length Measurements ◽  
Hind Foot

Growth of the hind foot, head and weight were studied from birth to 150 days of age in a captive colony of P. novaaehollandiae, and development of external body features was recorded from birth to weaning. The altricial young were sparsely haired and blind at birth and a juvenile pelage was present by about 10 days. The eyes opened at 15 (13-19) days and the young were weaned during the fourth week. Instantaneous relative growth rates showed that growth (weight) during the first 40 days was multiphasic and that the growth rate changed considerably at both the opening of the eyes and weaning. The relationships of seven body measurements (head and body, head, ear, foreleg, hind leg, hind foot and tail) were compared to a linear equivalence of weight; all showed a sigmoidal relationship except that of head and body, which was a straight line. Hind foot and head length measurements of growing animals reached 90% of adult size at about 26 days, and weight at about 85 days. In Australian murids, one group grows relatively quickly and another grows slowly.

Germination, Growth, and Development of Herbicide Resistant and Susceptible Populations of Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurjeet S. Gill ◽  
Roger D. Cousens ◽  
Margaret R. Allan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Biological Attributes ◽  
The One ◽  
Rigid Ryegrass ◽  
Susceptible Populations

Rate of seedling emergence, relative growth rate (RGR), and phenological development were compared in several accessions of rigid ryegrass belonging to three distinct resistance classes. The aryloxyphenoxypropionate resistant (AOPP-R) class had a faster and less variable seedling emergence than the sulfonylurea resistant (SU-R) and susceptible (S) classes. However, even the fastest of the AOPP-R accessions was within the range of the S and SU-R classes. No significant differences were detected among the resistant classes in seed dormancy, RGR, and the rate of phenological development. The rate of spike emergence, irrespective of the resistance class, was related to the latitude of the origin of the accessions, suggesting adaptation to the local climates since introduction. Due to considerable variation among weed populations for most biological attributes, the need to include several R and S accessions, in studies similar to the one reported here, is of vital importance. Because of the means and variances of the three resistance classes, at least four accessions from each resistance class would have been required to detect the observed differences between emergence rates of the AOPP-R and S classes with a confidence of 95%.

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