Financial compensation and uncertainty: using mean-variance rule and stochastic dominance to derive conservation payments for secondary forests

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 3033-3046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Knoke ◽  
Patrick Hildebrandt ◽  
Daniel Klein ◽  
Rodrigo Mujica ◽  
Martin Moog ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Financial Compensation ◽  
Systematic Risks ◽  
Mean Variance

The expected opportunity costs of conserving a specific land use are usually considered adequate as financial compensation. However, a “conservation premium” is sometimes proposed as an added incentive, i.e., compensation greater than the expected opportunity costs. This paper discusses various methodological opportunities for deriving effective compensation under uncertainty. Based on cumulative distribution functions of possible opportunity costs (a Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) plantation was considered the alternative to conserving a Chilean secondary forest), generated through Monte Carlo simulations, we derived an inclusive range of possible compensations from 77 up to 375 US$·ha–1·year–1. If we assumed that the two land-use alternatives were mutually exclusive and independent from other risky investments, a compensation of 375 US$·ha–1·year–1 was necessary to convince every decision maker to maintain the secondary forest. However, only 77 US$·ha–1·year–1 was enough for a risk-averse decision maker (given average opportunity costs of 113 US$·ha–1·year–1). Yet, it turned out that the greatest possible opportunity costs would already be compensated for with 199 US$·ha–1·year–1, given an error probability of 0.05. Compensating for the last 5% of possible opportunity costs would thus require an additional 176 US$·ha–1·year–1. Our approach had two main limitations, namely we did not consider portfolio effects, which would allow diversifying away unsystematic risks, and we did not take into account the different systematic risks of the compared alternatives. These limitations may have led to an overestimation of effective compensation.

Bewirtschaftung von tropischen Sekundärwäldern

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Tropical Asia ◽  
Land Use Systems ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Primary Forests

AbstractManagement of secondary tropical forests: a new perspective for sustainable use of forests in Asia. The decline of primary forests in the tropics is leading to a reassessment of the role secondary forests might play within the context of tropical forest management. Recent research has shown that secondary forests in the tropics can be both rich in species and complex in terms of stand structure. There is, moreover, a growing recognition of the importance of secondary forests for traditional subsistence economies in the tropics and of their economic potential for land use systems in the future. Management of secondary forests in Asia as an alternative to the extraction of timber from primary forests but also as one among other options to intensify traditional land use systems has a potential for the future especially because of the existence of vast tracts of valuable secondary forest cover, and because of the store of traditional knowledge that can still be found in tropical Asia.

scholarly journals Drivers of tropical soil invertebrate community composition and richness across tropical secondary forests using DNA metasystematics

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie M. McGee ◽  
Teresita M. Porter ◽  
Michael Wright ◽  
Mehrdad Hajibabaei
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Soil Invertebrates ◽  
Primary Forest ◽  
Soil Invertebrate ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Invertebrate Community ◽  
Invertebrate Communities

Abstract Tropical forests are fundamental ecosystems, essential for providing terrestrial primary productivity, global nutrient cycling, and biodiversity. Despite their importance, tropical forests are currently threatened by deforestation and associated activities. Moreover, tropical regions are now mostly represented by secondary forest regrowth, with half of the remaining tropical forests as secondary forest. Soil invertebrates are an important component to the functioning and biodiversity of these soil ecosystems. However, it remains unclear how these past land-use activities and subsequent secondary forest developments have altered the soil invertebrate communities and any potential ecological consequences associated with this. DNA metabarcoding offers an effective approach to rapidly monitor soil invertebrate communities under different land-use practices and within secondary forests. In this study, we used DNA metabarcoding to detect community-based patterns of soil invertebrate composition across a primary forest, a 23-year-old secondary forest, and a 33-year-old secondary forest and the associated soil environmental drivers of the soil invertebrate community structure in the Maquenque National Wildlife Refuge of Costa Rica (MNWR). We also used a species contribution analysis (SIMPER) to determine which soil invertebrate groups may be an indication of these soils reaching a pre-disturbed state such as a primary forest. We found that the soil invertebrate community composition at class, order, family, and ESV level were mostly significantly different across that habitats. We also found that the primary forest had a greater richness of soil invertebrates compared to the 23-year-old and 33-year-old secondary forest. Moreover, a redundancy analysis indicated that soil moisture influenced soil invertebrate community structure and explained up to 22% of the total variation observed in the community composition across the habitats; whereas soil invertebrate richness was structured by soil microbial biomass carbon (C) (Cmic) and explained up to 52% of the invertebrate richness across the primary and secondary forests. Lastly, the SIMPER analysis revealed that Naididae, Entomobryidae, and Elateridae could be important indicators of soil and forest recuperation in the MNWR. This study adds to the increasing evidence that soil invertebrates are intimately linked with the soil microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) and that even after 33 years of natural regrowth of a forest, these land use activities can still have persisting effects on the overall composition and richness of the soil invertebrate communities.

Nonfrontier Deforestation in the Eastern Amazon

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arlete Silva de Almeida ◽  
Thomas A. Stone ◽  
Ima Célia G. Vieira ◽  
Eric A. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Landsat Imagery ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Human Occupation

Abstract While interest in Amazonian deforestation mostly focuses on frontier areas, the amount of forest cover in areas already dominated by human settlement is also changing. Secondary forests play an increasingly important role for maintaining genetic diversity, hydrological functioning, and greenhouse gas emissions of altered landscapes, but secondary forests are also being converted to more intensive agricultural uses. Five dates of Landsat imagery from 1984 to 2002 were analyzed, covering 8000 km2 of the Zona Bragantina of the eastern part of the Brazilian state of Pará, which underwent its most intensive wave of deforestation several decades ago. However, even in this area of relatively long-term human occupation, ongoing decreases of forest cover were found, both in the small remaining areas of mature forest and in the more widespread areas of secondary forests, as human population increased and land use intensified. Although there was an initial increase in the area of secondary forest from 1984 to 1994, there has been a steady decline since then, from 75% secondary forest cover in 1994 to 54% in 2002. The amount of pasture was relatively stable from 1984 to 1994 but more recently has shown a steady increase, reaching 37% cover in 2002. The average rate of carbon loss over the 18-yr study period was 0.9 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 for the 8000 km2 study area. Forests in this long-settled region of eastern Amazonia continue to be degraded, resulting in the loss of ecosystem services and carbon stocks due to continued land-use change.

scholarly journals Evaluasi Pengaruh Rehabilitasi Lahan Dan Hutan Terhadap Koefisien Aliran Tahunan Di Sub Das Krueng Meuleusong

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-18
Author(s):  
Herry Andrisa ◽  
Hairul Basri ◽  
Muhammad Rusdi
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Satellite Imagery ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Flow Coefficient ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Water Catchment Area ◽  
Water Catchment ◽  
Forest Rehabilitation

Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh rehabilitasi lahan dan hutan (RHL) terhadap nilai koefisien aliran tahunan (KAT) di sub-DAS Krueng Meulesong. Pelaksanaan RHL di Desa Riting Kecamatan Indrapuri Kabupaten Aceh Besar yang termasuk dalam DAS Krueng Meuleusong dikategorikan tidak berhasil berdasarkan citra satelit perubahan tata guna lahan tahun 2009, 2014, 2017 dan 2019. Hasil interpretasi citra satelit menunjukkan penurunan luasan hutan sekunder, namun luas perdu dan sabana meningkat. Berdasarkan hasil uji korelasi menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan kegiatan RHL tidak berpengaruh terhadap perubahan penggunaan lahan menjadi hutan sekunder dan kegiatan RHL tidak berpengaruh terhadap nilai koefisien aliran tahunan (KAT) di Sub-DAS Krueng Meuleusong.Evaluation Of The Effect Of Land And Forest Rehabilitation On Annual Flow Coefficient In Krueng Meuleusong Sub-WatershedAbstract. This study aims to determine the effect of land and forest rehabilitation (RHL) on the value of the annual flow coefficient (KAT) in the Krueng Meulesong sub-watershed. The implementation of RHL in Riting Village, Indrapuri District, Aceh Besar District which is included in the water catchment area of the Krueng Meuleusong sub-watershed is categorized as unsuccessful based on satellite imagery of 2009, 2014, 2017 and, 2019 of land-use change. The results of satellite imagery interpretation showed a decrease in the area of secondary forest, but shrubs and savanna area had increased. Based on the results of the correlation test, shows that the implementation of RHL activities has no effect on changes in land use to secondary forests and RHL activities have no effect on the value of annual flow coefficient (KAT) in the Krueng Krueng Meuleusong sub-watershed.

scholarly journals Land Use Land Cover Classification with U-Net: Advantages of Combining Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Imagery

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 3600
Author(s):  
Jonathan V. Solórzano ◽  
Jean François Mas ◽  
Yan Gao ◽  
José Alberto Gallardo-Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Land Use Land Cover ◽  
Algorithm Selection ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Sentinel 2

The U-net is nowadays among the most popular deep learning algorithms for land use/land cover (LULC) mapping; nevertheless, it has rarely been used with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and multispectral (MS) imagery. On the other hand, the discrimination between plantations and forests in LULC maps has been emphasized, especially for tropical areas, due to their differences in biodiversity and ecosystem services provision. In this study, we trained a U-net using different imagery inputs from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellites, MS, SAR and a combination of both (MS + SAR); while a random forests algorithm (RF) with the MS + SAR input was also trained to evaluate the difference in algorithm selection. The classification system included ten classes, including old-growth and secondary forests, as well as old-growth and young plantations. The most accurate results were obtained with the MS + SAR U-net, where the highest overall accuracy (0.76) and average F1-score (0.58) were achieved. Although MS + SAR and MS U-nets gave similar results for almost all of the classes, for old-growth plantations and secondary forest, the addition of the SAR band caused an F1-score increment of 0.08–0.11 (0.62 vs. 0.54 and 0.45 vs. 0.34, respectively). Consecutively, in comparison with the MS + SAR RF, the MS + SAR U-net obtained higher F1-scores for almost all the classes. Our results show that using the U-net with a combined input of SAR and MS images enabled a higher F1-score and accuracy for a detailed LULC map, in comparison with other evaluated methods.

scholarly journals Contributions of secondary forest and nitrogen dynamics to terrestrial carbon uptake

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 2739-2765 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Yang ◽  
T. K. Richardson ◽  
A. K. Jain
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Nitrogen Dynamics ◽  
Carbon Uptake ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Forest Regrowth ◽  
Limiting Nutrient

Abstract. We use a terrestrial carbon-nitrogen cycle component of the Integrated Science Assessment Model (ISAM) to investigate the impacts of nitrogen dynamics on regrowing secondary forests over the 20th century. We further examine what the impacts of nitrogen deposition and land use change history are on terrestrial carbon uptake since preindustrial time. Our results suggest that global total net land use emissions for the 1990s associated with changes in cropland, pastureland, and wood harvest are 1.22 GtC/yr. Without considering the secondary forest regrowth, the estimated net global total land use emissions are 1.58 GtC/yr or about 0.36 GtC/yr higher than if secondary forest regrowth is considered. Results also show that without considering the nitrogen dynamics and deposition, the estimated global total secondary forest sink for the 1990s is 0.90 GtC/yr or about 0.54 GtC/yr higher than estimates that include the impacts of nitrogen dynamics and deposition. Nitrogen deposition alone is responsible for about 0.13 GtC/yr of the total secondary forest sink. While nitrogen is not a limiting nutrient in the intact primary forests in tropical regions, our study suggests that nitrogen becomes a limiting nutrient for regrowing secondary forests of the tropical regions, in particular Latin America and Tropical Africa. This is because land use change activities, especially wood harvest, removes large amounts of nitrogen from the system when slash is burnt or wood is removed for harvest. However, our model results show that carbon uptake is enhanced in the tropical secondary forests of the Indian region. We argue that this may be due to enhanced nitrogen mineralization and increased nitrogen availability following land use change in the Indian tropical forest ecosystems. Results also demonstrate that there is a significant amount of carbon accumulating in the Northern Hemisphere where most land use changes and forest regrowth has occurred in recent decades. This study indicates the significance of secondary forests to terrestrial carbon sinks, the importance of nitrogen dynamics to the magnitude of secondary forests carbon uptake, and therefore the need to include both primary and secondary forests and nitrogen dynamics in terrestrial ecosystem models.

Tropical secondary forests

1990 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Brown ◽  
Ariel E. Lugo
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
Litter Production ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Forest Lands ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTThe literature on tropical secondary forests, defined as those resulting from human disturbance (e.g. logged forests and forest fallows), is reviewed to address questions related to their extent, rates of formation, ecological characteristics, values and uses to humans, and potential for management. Secondary forests are extensive in the tropics, accounting for about 40% of the total forest area and their rates of formation are about 9 million ha yr−1. Geographical differences in the extent, rates of formation and types of forest being converted exist.Secondary forests appear to accumulate woody plant species at a relatively rapid rate but the mechanisms involved are complex and no clear pattern emerged. Compared to mature forests, the structure of secondary forest vegetation is simple, although age, climate and soil type are modifying factors. Biomass accumulates rapidly in secondary forests, up to 100 t ha−1 during the first 15 yr or so, but history of disturbance may modify this trend. Like biomass, high rates of litter production are established relatively quickly, up to 12–13 t ha−1 yr−1 by age 12–15 yr. And, in younger secondary forests (< 20 yr), litter production is a higher fraction of the net primary productivity than stemwood biomass production. More organic matter is pro duced and transferred to the soil in younger secondary forests than is stored in above-ground vegetation. The impact of this on soil organic matter is significant and explains why the recovery of organic matter in the soil under secondary forests is relatively fast (50 yr or so). Nutrients are accumulated rapidly in secondary vegetation, and are returned quickly by litterfall and decomposition for uptake by roots.We propose a model of the gains and losses, yields and costs, and benefits and tradeoffs to people from the current land-use changes occurring in the tropics. When the conversion of forest lands to secondary forests and agriculture is too fast or land-use stages are skipped, society loses goods and services. To avoid such a loss, we advocate management of tropical forest lands within a landscape perspective, a possibility in the tropics because land tenures and development projects are often large.

scholarly journals Smaller global and regional carbon emissions from gross land use change when considering sub-grid secondary land cohorts in a global dynamic vegetation model

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 1185-1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Yue ◽  
Philippe Ciais ◽  
Wei Li
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Shifting Cultivation ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Forest Age ◽  
Rotation Length ◽  
Historical Land Use ◽  
Wood Harvest

Abstract. Several modelling studies reported elevated carbon emissions from historical land use change (ELUC) by including bidirectional transitions on the sub-grid scale (termed gross land use change), dominated by shifting cultivation and other land turnover processes. However, most dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) that have implemented gross land use change either do not account for sub-grid secondary lands, or often have only one single secondary land tile over a model grid cell and thus cannot account for various rotation lengths in shifting cultivation and associated secondary forest age dynamics. Therefore, it remains uncertain how realistic the past ELUC estimations are and how estimated ELUC will differ between the two modelling approaches with and without multiple sub-grid secondary land cohorts – in particular secondary forest cohorts. Here we investigated historical ELUC over 1501–2005 by including sub-grid forest age dynamics in a DGVM. We run two simulations, one with no secondary forests (Sageless) and the other with sub-grid secondary forests of six age classes whose demography is driven by historical land use change (Sage). Estimated global ELUC for 1501–2005 is 176 Pg C in Sage compared to 197 Pg C in Sageless. The lower ELUC values in Sage arise mainly from shifting cultivation in the tropics under an assumed constant rotation length of 15 years, being 27 Pg C in Sage in contrast to 46 Pg C in Sageless. Estimated cumulative ELUC values from wood harvest in the Sage simulation (31 Pg C) are however slightly higher than Sageless (27 Pg C) when the model is forced by reconstructed harvested areas because secondary forests targeted in Sage for harvest priority are insufficient to meet the prescribed harvest area, leading to wood harvest being dominated by old primary forests. An alternative approach to quantify wood harvest ELUC, i.e. always harvesting the close-to-mature forests in both Sageless and Sage, yields similar values of 33 Pg C by both simulations. The lower ELUC from shifting cultivation in Sage simulations depends on the predefined forest clearing priority rules in the model and the assumed rotation length. A set of sensitivity model runs over Africa reveal that a longer rotation length over the historical period likely results in higher emissions. Our results highlight that although gross land use change as a former missing emission component is included by a growing number of DGVMs, its contribution to overall ELUC remains uncertain and tends to be overestimated when models ignore sub-grid secondary forests.

scholarly journals Retrieving Secondary Forest Aboveground Biomass from Polarimetric ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 Data in the Brazilian Amazon

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrique Luis Godinho Cassol ◽  
Yosio Edemir Shimabukuro ◽  
Elisabete Caria Moraes ◽  
João Manuel de Brito Carreiras ◽  
Luiz Eduardo de Oliveira Cruz e Aragão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Cloud Model ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Remotely Sensed Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
Multiple Prediction ◽  
Past Land Use

Secondary forests (SF) are important carbon sinks, removing CO2 from the atmosphere through the photosynthesis process and storing photosynthates in their aboveground live biomass (AGB). This process occurring at large-scales partially counteracts C emissions from land-use change, playing, hence, an important role in the global carbon cycle. The absorption rates of carbon in these forests depend on forest physiology, controlled by environmental and climatic conditions as well as on the past land use, which is rarely considered for retrieving AGB from remotely sensed data. In this context, the main goal of this study is to evaluate the potential of full polarimetric ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 data for estimating AGB by taking into account the past-land use of SF areas in the Brazilian Amazon. We surveyed a chronosequence of 42 SF plots (20 ha) near the Tapaj&oacute;s National Forest in Par&aacute; state to quantifying AGB growth rates. We explored the full polarimetric data testing three regression models including non-linear (NL), multiple linear regressions models (MLR), and the semi-empirical extended water cloud model (EWCM). The results showed that the intensity of previous use has affected the structure of SF by reducing the AGB accumulation and being noticeable by several polarimetric attributes. The combination of multiple prediction variables with MLR improved the AGB estimation by 70% comparing amongst other models (R&sup2; adj. = 0.51; RMSE = 13.2 Mg ha-1) bias = 2.1 &plusmn; 37.9 Mg ha-1. The error propagation of the MLR model was estimated to be 15%.

scholarly journals Edaphic characteristics and environmental impact of rubber tree plantations on soil mite (Acari) communities

Acarologia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 951-962
Author(s):  
Julien K. N’Dri ◽  
Pacôme K. Pokou ◽  
Fabrice A. Séka ◽  
Rodolphe A. G. N’Da ◽  
Jan Lagerlöf
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Rubber Plantations ◽  
Soil Mites ◽  
Land Use Types

The objective of the investigation was to determine the response of different taxa of mites across the land use types and demonstrate that soil mites could be used as an indicator of environmental change after the conversion of secondary forests into rubber plantations. The sampling was performed during the dry season on 12 sampling areas, consisting of four land use types: secondary forests, 7-year-old rubber plantations, 12-year-old rubber plantations, and 25-year-old rubber plantations, with three replications of each treatment. Soil cores were sampled along a 40 m transect with a steel corer. The soil mites were extracted using modified Berlese-Tullgren funnels during a 10 day period. Soil physico-chemical parameters were measured on each sampling area. The conversion of secondary forests into rubber plantations was characterized by a modification of the mean values of mite density (+103 and +262%), species richness (-11 and +32%), water content (-41 and -5%), bulk density (+6 and -3%) and soil organic carbon (-73 and -59%) respectively, after 7 and 25 years of conversion. The density of mites, species richness and soil water content increased with the aging of the rubber plantations, demonstrating an improvement in soil ecological quality and environmental conditions. These results are confirmed by the values of the Maturity Index of Gamasid mites, which increased with the increasing age of rubber plantations. In other words, the severity of environmental impact decreased with the aging of the rubber plantations and was ranked as follows: 25-year-old rubber plantations < secondary forest < 12-year-old rubber plantations < 7-year-old rubber plantations. The Maturity Indexes estimated that 25-year-old rubber plantations (0.84) and in secondary forests (0.74) are relatively similar and characterize stable habitats, which are potentially dominated by Gamasid species with K selection.

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