Radial growth impact of pine false webworm defoliation on eastern white pine

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 1071-1086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert E Mayfield III ◽  
Douglas C Allen ◽  
Russell D Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
New York State ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Stem Analysis ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Increment Core ◽  
Annual Growth Rings ◽  
Pine False Webworm ◽  
The Impact

The impact of pine false webworm (Acantholyda erythrocephala (L.), Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae) defoliation on the radial growth of mature eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) during an outbreak was assessed using a stem analysis comparison of two stands (defoliated vs. control) and increment cores collected from 21 defoliated stands and 5 control stands in northern New York State. Stem analysis revealed that whole-stem standardized annual volume increment (AVI) in a defoliated 67-year-old white pine stand (n = 10 sample trees) was reduced significantly below the AVI in the nondefoliated control stand (n = 8 sample trees) by the second year of moderate to heavy defoliation, and AVI was reduced by 97% by the fifth year of defoliation. No time lag between upper-bole and lower-bole impact was observed, and annual growth rings were more frequently missing or discontinuous at lower stem heights. The standardized latewood tracheid index was not reduced significantly below control stand levels until the third year of defoliation. Increment-core analysis revealed growth losses that corresponded with reported periods of defoliation in nearly all stands; sustained suppressions (5–16 continuous years) below a growth index of 0.5 occurred in over half of all defoliated stands. These results are discussed in relation to pine false webworm biology, comparisons with other conifer defoliators, environmental factors, and methods employed.

scholarly journals Site and Stand Conditions Associated with Pine False Webworm Populations and Damage in Mature Eastern White Pine Plantations

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert E. Mayfield ◽  
Douglas C. Allen ◽  
Russell D. Briggs
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
New York State ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Soil Carbon Content ◽  
Pine False Webworm ◽  
Stand Conditions

Abstract The influence of site and stand conditions on pine false webworm (Acantholyda erythrocephala [L.], Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae) population densities and host damage was evaluated in 22 eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) stands in northern New York State. Mean pine false webworm density was positively related to stand size (ha) and inversely related to soil silt content (A-horizon) after holding stand size constant. Percent radial growth loss (during the first five years after defoliation began) was inversely related to soil carbon content (B-horizon) and inversely related to fine sand content (A-horizon) after holding B-horizon carbon constant. Severe radial growth suppression (missing or discontinuous growth rings) and white pine mortality were inversely related to live crown ratio. The frequency of trees with missing growth rings was inversely related to soil nitrogen (A-horizon) after holding live crown ratio constant. Stands located on sandy glacial lake shoreline/delta deposits had more coarsely textured soils with lower levels of organic matter and nitrogen and had slower height growth rates, lower tree diversity, greater relative dominance of white pine, and higher levels of pine false webworm defoliation than stands on adjacent landforms. These results may be useful to foresters managing eastern white pine stands in areas where similar site and stand conditions predominate and pine false webworm occurs.

scholarly journals Determining the impact of sensor orientation on moisture content measurements in eastern white pine

2021 ◽  
Vol 2069 (1) ◽  
pp. 012047
Author(s):  
B Daouk ◽  
C Baldwin ◽  
C A Cruickshank
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Wood Sample ◽  
Empirical Correlations ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Building Envelopes ◽  
Sensor Orientation ◽  
Longitudinal Resistance ◽  
The Impact

Abstract As buildings become more airtight and insulated, the movement and accumulation of moisture within building envelopes become paramount in determining its resiliency. Current methods for quantifying the moisture content (MC) of wood species involve the measurement of electrical resistance between two installed electrodes and the use of existing empirical correlations to evaluate the MC. However, these correlations do not adequately consider the impact of sensor orientation within wall assemblies. The objective of this paper is to determine the impact of MC readings within a wood sample due to sensor orientation. A total of 126 eastern white pine samples were tested with electrodes placed along the grain of the wood (longitudinal), across the grain of the wood (tangential), and in a diamond pattern, using six different fasteners as electrodes. The samples were placed in a controlled environmental chamber until steady state was achieved at approximately 18% MC. Electrical resistances of the samples were measured in both directions at temperatures ranging from -10°C to 40°C. It was found that the tangential-to-longitudinal resistance ratio is 1.1-1.35 depending on the electrode type.

Patterns of tree stem decline along a snow-drift gradient at treeline: a case study using stem analysis

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 1671-1683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serge Payette ◽  
Ann Delwalde ◽  
Claude Morneau ◽  
Claude Lavole
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Stem Analysis ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Growth System ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tree Stem

Current hypotheses on conifer tree stem degradation at treeline indicate the influence of frost desiccation caused by dehydration of wind-exposed needles above the snowpack because of frozen soil or wind abrasion. Here, we examine, in an exploratory study, the potential of detailed stem analysis to identify other causal factors at a subarctic treeline site using black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP.) trees distributed along a wind-exposure gradient and showing various degrees of stem damage, from the normal, conical growth form to the mat growth form. Temporal patterns of stem development revealed a relatively integrated growth system within the tree as long as the normal arborescent form was maintained. With the gradual loss of the normal form owing to defoliation, the growth system of the damaged trees became fragmented into a wind-exposed (west–ast), horizontal component and a vertical (below–bove snowpack) component outlined by the asymmetric development of stem and foliage. Although cool growing seasons reduce tree-ring growth, frost events in July appear also influential, possibly when killing frosts occur during bud break. The impact of such abrupt events may have a long-enduring influence on radial growth, a factor much neglected in dendroclimatological studies of boreal and subarctic environments. Stem degradation may be initiated by the changing position of the snowpack line associated with variable snow precipitation during several consecutive years, thus inducing a shifting erosional zone along the stem most effective when temperatures are below average, i.e., likely the result of mechanical defoliation caused by the synergistic influence of snow and ice abrasion during blizzards and severe windchill conditions on the brittle, cold-exposed needles. Our results suggest that sustained winter defoliation at treeline has an overwhelming influence on subsequent radial growth. More dendroecological studies and experimental field work are needed to test our conclusions. Keywords: stem analysis, treeline, black spruce, winter defoliation, tree rings, subarctic.

scholarly journals Impact of White Pine Blister Rust on Resistant Cultivated Ribes and Neighboring Eastern White Pine in New Hampshire

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (10) ◽  
pp. 1374-1382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel A. Munck ◽  
Philippe Tanguay ◽  
Jennifer Weimer ◽  
Sara M. Villani ◽  
Kerik D. Cox
Keyword(s):  
New Hampshire ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Black Currant ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Ribes Spp ◽  
The Impact

To determine the impact of white pine blister rust (WPBR) following the recent breakdown of the Cr resistance dominant gene in cultivated Ribes spp., 255 plants of 19 Ribes cultivars and 445 neighboring eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) from 42 sites across New Hampshire were evaluated. Of the 19 Ribes cultivars evaluated, 15 were WPBR resistant, and 4 of these were labeled as black currant (Ribes nigrum) with the Cr gene (Cr Ribes cultivars). Incidence of WPBR ranged from 0 to 88% for WPBR-resistant Ribes cultivars. Mean WPBR severity was 14 and <6% of leaf area for Cr Ribes and partially resistant cultivars, respectively. The presence of Cronartium ribicola was confirmed on 17 of the 19 Ribes cultivars screened with polymerase chain reaction analysis and DNA sequencing. Reference accessions of Cr Ribes cultivars from the Canadian Clonal Genebank were successfully infected with C. ribicola inoculum collected in New Hampshire from Cr Ribes cultivars and P. strobus, confirming that the vCr race of C. ribicola that has overcome the Cr resistance dominant gene in cultivated Ribes spp. is present in New Hampshire. The probability of finding pine trees with WPBR was greater for trees neighboring infected Cr Ribes cultivars (0.18) than trees neighboring WPBR-free Ribes cultivars (0.02). Results from this study suggest that the breakdown of Cr-based resistance in Ribes spp. poses a threat to the white pine resource and to cultivated Ribes production.

scholarly journals How Does Radial Growth of Water-Stressed Populations of European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) Trees Vary under Multiple Drought Events?

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Tamalika Chakraborty ◽  
Albert Reif ◽  
Andreas Matzarakis ◽  
Somidh Saha
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Canopy Openness ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Neighborhood Competition

European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees are becoming vulnerable to drought, with a warming climate. Existing studies disagree on how radial growth varies in European beech in response to droughts. We aimed to find the impact of multiple droughts on beech trees’ annual radial growth at their ecological drought limit created by soil water availability in the forest. Besides, we quantified the influence of competition and canopy openness on the mean basal area growth of beech trees. We carried out this study in five near-natural temperate forests in three localities of Germany and Switzerland. We quantified available soil water storage capacity (AWC) in plots laid in the transition zone from oak to beech dominated forests. The plots were classified as ‘dry’ (AWC < 60 mL) and ‘less-dry’ (AWC > 60 mL). We performed dendroecological analyses starting from 1951 in continuous and discontinuous series to study the influence of climatic drought (i.e., precipitation-potential evapotranspiration) on the radial growth of beech trees in dry and less-dry plots. We used observed values for this analysis and did not use interpolated values from interpolated historical records in this study. We selected six drought events to study the resistance, recovery, and resilience of beech trees to drought at a discontinuous level. The radial growth was significantly higher in less-dry plots than dry plots. The increase in drought had reduced tree growth. Frequent climatic drought events resulted in more significant correlations, hence, increased the dependency of tree growth on AWC. We showed that the recovery and resilience to climatic drought were higher in trees in less-dry plots than dry plots, but it was the opposite for resistance. The resistance, recovery, and resilience of the trees were heterogeneous between the events of drought. Mean growth of beech trees (basal area increment) were negatively impacted by neighborhood competition and positively influenced by canopy openness. We emphasized that beech trees growing on soil with low AWC are at higher risk of growth decline. We concluded that changes in soil water conditions even at the microsite level could influence beech trees’ growth in their drought limit under the changing climate. Along with drought, neighborhood competition and lack of light can also reduce beech trees’ growth. This study will enrich the state of knowledge about the ongoing debate on the vulnerability of beech trees to drought in Europe.

scholarly journals Impact of Industrial Pollution on Radial Growth of Conifers in a Former Mining Area in the Eastern Carpathians (Northern Romania)

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 640
Author(s):  
Cristian Gheorghe Sidor ◽  
Radu Vlad ◽  
Ionel Popa ◽  
Anca Semeniuc ◽  
Ecaterina Apostol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Industrial Pollution ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
Mining Operation ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Local Pollution ◽  
Eastern Carpathians ◽  
The Impact

The research aims to evaluate the impact of local industrial pollution on radial growth in affected Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) stands in the Tarnița study area in Suceava. For northeastern Romania, the Tarnița mining operation constituted a hotspot of industrial pollution. The primary processing of non-ferrous ores containing heavy metals in the form of complex sulfides was the main cause of pollution in the Tarnița region from 1968 to 1990. Air pollution of Tarnița induced substantial tree growth reduction from 1978 to 1990, causing a decline in tree health and vitality. Growth decline in stands located over 6 km from the pollution source was weaker or absent. Spruce trees were much less affected by the phenomenon of local pollution than fir trees. We analyzed the dynamics of resilience indices and average radial growth indices and found that the period in which the trees suffered the most from local pollution was between 1978 and 1984. Growth recovery of the intensively polluted stand was observed after the 1990s when the environmental condition improved because of a significant reduction in air pollution.

scholarly journals A comparison between polynya area and associated ice production with mooring-based measurements of temperature, salinity and currents in the southwestern Ross Sea, Antarctica

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (57) ◽  
pp. 291-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Kern ◽  
Stefano Aliani
Keyword(s):  
Ross Sea ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Ice Formation ◽  
Terra Nova Bay ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
Satellite Microwave ◽  
Terra Nova ◽  
Ice Production ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWintertime (April–September) area estimates of the Terra Nova Bay polynya (TNBP), Antarctica, based on satellite microwave radiometry are compared with in situ observations of water salinity, temperature and currents at a mooring in Terra Nova Bay in 1996 and 1997. In 1996, polynya area anomalies and associated anomalies in polynya ice production are significantly correlated with salinity anomalies at the mooring. Salinity anomalies lag area and/or ice production anomalies by about 3 days. Up to 50% of the variability in the salinity at the mooring position can be explained by area and/or ice production anomalies in the TNBP for April–September 1996. This value increases to about 70% when considering shorter periods like April–June or May–July, but reduces to 30% later, for example July–September, together with a slight increase in time lag. In 1997, correlations are smaller, less significant and occur at a different time lag. Analysis of ocean currents at the mooring suggests that in 1996 conditions were more favourable than in 1997 for observing the impact of descending plumes of salt-enriched water formed in the polynya during ice formation on the water masses at the mooring depth.

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