Probabilities of small-gap capture by sugar maple saplings based on height and crown growth data from felled trees

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G Cole ◽  
Craig G Lorimer
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Stochastic Simulations ◽  
Gap Formation ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Stochastic Variation ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Advance Regeneration

We simulated the probability that Acer saccharum Marsh. saplings in single-tree gaps would reach the overstory before lateral gap closure. The model was calibrated with height and crown growth data from destructively sampled trees that ranged from 1 to 27 m tall. Each of the major initial conditions and growth processes was evaluated separately to determine its effect on gap-capture probabilities. Factors such as sapling height at the time of gap formation, continued height growth of border trees, and stochastic growth variation had pronounced effects on the outcome. Stochastic variation generally increased chances of sapling success by delaying closure times in some of the gaps and allowing some saplings to grow at above-average rates. In stochastic simulations with continued (asymptotic) border-tree height growth, probabilities of successful gap capture ranged from <20% of saplings 1–2 m tall to 35%–86% for saplings 7–8 m tall. The results suggest that some saplings may be able to capture gaps after one gap event, but probabilities are low for small saplings and for all saplings in small and medium gaps. Based on the mechanisms simulated here, most of the larger single-tree gaps (78 m2) are captured by advance regeneration more than 4 m tall.

scholarly journals Height Development of Upper-Canopy Trees Within Even-Aged Adirondack Northern Hardwood Stands

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 117-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph D. Nyland ◽  
David G. Ray ◽  
Ruth D. Yanai
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Advance Regeneration ◽  
Canopy Trees

Abstract Knowledge of the relative rates of height growth among species is necessary for predicting developmental patterns in even-aged northern hardwood stands. To quantify these relationships, we used stem analysis to reconstruct early height growth patterns of dominant and codominant sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton), white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), and America beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) trees. We used three stands (aged 19, 24, and 29 years) established by shelterwood method cutting preceded by an understory herbicide treatment. We analyzed 10 trees of each species per stand. Height growth was similar across stands, allowing us to develop a single equation for each species. Our data show that yellow birch had the most rapid height growth up to approximately age 10. Both sugar maple and white ash grew more rapidly than yellow birch beyond that point. Beech consistently grew the slowest. White ash had a linear rate of height growth over the 29-year period, while the other species declined in their growth rates. By age 29, the heights of main canopy trees ranged from 38 ft for beech to 51 ft for white ash. Both yellow birch and sugar maple averaged 46 ft tall at that time. By age 29, the base of the live crown had reached 17, 20, 21, and 26 ft for beech, sugar maple, yellow birch, and white ash, respectively. Live–crown ratios of upper-canopy trees did not differ appreciably among species and remained at approximately 40% for the ages evaluated. These results suggest that eliminating advance regeneration changes the outcome of competition to favor species other than beech. North. J. Appl. For. 21(3):117–122.

scholarly journals Growth of Sugar Maple Taxa in Tennessee

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 812E-812
Author(s):  
W.T. Witte ◽  
R.J. Sauve ◽  
P.C. Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Single Plant ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Group Of Seven

Commercially available Acer saccharum cultivars, and some closely related species accessions (floridanum, leucoderme, macrophyllum, and nigrum `Greencolumn'), were established as 10 single-plant replications in a cultivar trial at the TSU–NCRS in 1993 and Spring 1994. Plants were regularly fertilized and drip irrigation was begun Summer 1993. Growth data were recorded each fall and height and caliper increment calculated for the 1994 season. In the group with most height growth were: `Bonfire', `Majesty', nigrum `Greencolumn', leucoderme, `Sweet Shadow', `Fairview', and macrophyllum. These, except for `Fairview' and macrophyllum, differed significantly from a group of seven slower growing cultivars. With some exceptions, cultivars with the most height growth tended to have the most caliper growth, while those with the least height growth tended to have the least caliper growth. Data will also be presented on insect and disease ratings.

Methods for using an integro-differential equation as a model of tree height growth

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 353-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hamlin ◽  
Rolfe Leary
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equation ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Integro Differential Equation ◽  
Biological Interpretation ◽  
Linear Differential ◽  
Tree Height Growth

An integro-differential equation model of tree height growth is developed, together with a biological interpretation of its coefficients. The integro-differential equation is reduced to a second order linear differential equation with constraints on its initial conditions. Because of the constraints, fitting of the differential equation is best accomplished using a multipoint boundary value approach. An example using stem analysis data is presented. The model fit the data well and was montonically increasing with an upper asymptote, although several other curve forms are possible.

scholarly journals Diameter and height growth analysis for individual White Pine trees in the area of Kostelec nad Černými lesy 

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 544-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Y Liao ◽  
V. V Podrázský ◽  
G. B Liu
Keyword(s):  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Growth Functions ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Best Fit

Four theoretical growth functions, Mitscherlich, Logistic, Gompertz and Korf functions, were applied to the growth data on dbh and tree height of individual Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus) trees to model their growth. The current increments, mean increments and relative growth rates of dbh and height as functions of age were given by derivation from the best fit growth functions. The growth processes of dbh and height were divided into three periods by the inflexion points of the corresponding current increment curves.

Variation in canopy gap formation among developmental stages of northern hardwood stands

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1875-1892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally E. Dahir ◽  
Craig G. Lorimer
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Turnover Time ◽  
Gap Formation ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Shade Tolerant Species ◽  
Mature Stands

Trends in gap dynamics among pole, mature, and old-growth northern hardwood stands were investigated on eight sites in the Porcupine Mountains of western upper Michigan. Recent gaps (created between 1981 and 1992) were identified using permanent plot records of tree mortality, while older gaps (1940–1981) were identified using stand reconstruction techniques. Although canopy gaps were somewhat more numerous in pole and mature stands, gaps were <25% as large as those in old-growth stands because of smaller gap-maker size, and the proportion of stand area turned over in gaps was only about half as large. Gap makers in younger stands generally had mean relative diameters (ratio of gap-maker DBH to mean DBH of canopy trees) <1.0 and were disproportionately from minor species such as eastern hophornbeam (Ostryavirginiana (Mill.) K. Koch). Gap makers in old-growth stands had mean relative diameters >1.5 and were predominantly from the dominant canopy species. Even in old-growth forests, most gaps were small (mean 44 m2) and created by single trees. Based on the identity of the tallest gap tree in each gap, nearly all shade-tolerant and midtolerant species have been successful in capturing gaps, but gap capture rates for some species were significantly different from their relative density in the upper canopy. The tallest gap trees of shade-tolerant species were often formerly overtopped trees, averaging more than 60% of the mean canopy height and having mean ages of 65–149 years. Canopy turnover times, based on gap formation rates over a 50-year period, were estimated to average 128 years for old-growth stands dominated by sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) and 192 years for old-growth stands dominated by hemlock (Tsugacanadensis (L.) Carrière). While these estimates of turnover time are substantially shorter than maximum tree ages observed on these sites, they agree closely with independent data on mean canopy residence time for trees that die at the average gap-maker size of 51 cm DBH. The data support previous hypothetical explanations of the apparent discrepancy between canopy turnover times of <130 years for hardwood species and the frequent occurrence of trees exceeding 250 years of age.

Fifty years of partial harvesting in a mixed mesophytic forest: composition and productivity

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 985-997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M Schuler
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Periodic Growth ◽  
Mesophytic Forest ◽  
Single Tree Selection

Long-term silvicultural trials contribute to sustainable forest management by providing a better scientific understanding of how forest ecosystems respond to periodic timber harvesting. In this study, species composition, diversity, and net periodic growth of tree species in a mixed mesophytic forest in the central Appalachians were evaluated after about a half century of management. Three partial cutting practices on 18 research compartments and on 3 unmanaged reference compartments were evaluated (1951–2001) on 280 ha. Single-tree selection, diameter-limit harvesting, and timber harvesting in 0.162-ha patches were assessed on three northern red oak site index50 (SI) classes: 24, 21, and 18. Shannon–Weiner's diversity index (H′) declined from the first (1951–1959) to last (1987–2001) measurements and was related to both SI (P = 0.004) and treatment (P = 0.009). Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) were the two most abundant species in recent years (1987–2001); in contrast, in initial inventories (1951–1959), northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.) were most abundant. Net periodic annual increment (PAI) of merchantable trees (DBH ≥12.7 cm) was related to both SI (P = 0.004) and treatment (P = 0.003). Mean PAI ranged from 4.6 m3·ha–1·year–1 for single-tree selection to 2.5 m3·ha–1·year–1 for unmanaged reference areas across all SI classes. The decline of oak species suggests that only intensive and specific forest management focused on maintaining oak species can obtain historical levels of diversity.

scholarly journals Noise-induced bistability in the quasineutral coexistence of viral RNA under different replication modes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josep Sardanyés ◽  
Andreu Arderiu ◽  
Santiago F. Elena ◽  
Tomás Alarcón
Keyword(s):  
Viral Replication ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Rna Replication ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Stochastic Simulations ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Deterministic Models ◽  
The Impact

Evolutionary and dynamical investigations on real viral populations indicate that RNA replication can range between two extremes given by so-called stamping machine replication (SMR) and geometric replication (GR). The impact of asymmetries in replication for single-stranded, (+) sense RNA viruses has been up to now studied with deterministic models. However, viral replication should be better described by including stochasticity, since the cell infection process is typically initiated with a very small number of RNA macromolecules, and thus largely influenced by intrinsic noise. Under appropriate conditions, deterministic theoretical descriptions of viral RNA replication predict a quasineutral coexistence scenario, with a line of fixed points involving different strands’ equilibrium ratios depending on the initial conditions. Recent research on the quasineutral coexistence in two competing populations reveals that stochastic fluctuations fundamentally alters the mean-field scenario, and one of the two species outcompetes the other one. In this manuscript we study this phenomenon for RNA viral replication modes by means of stochastic simulations and a diffusion approximation. Our results reveal that noise has a strong impact on the amplification of viral RNA, also causing the emergence of noise-induced bistability. We provide analytical criteria for the dominance of (+) sense strands depending on the initial populations on the line of equilibria, which are in agreement with direct stochastic simulation results. The biological implications of this noise-driven mechanism are discussed within the framework of the evolutionary dynamics of RNA viruses with different modes of replication.

Genetic resistance to western gall rust in jack pine and its relationship with tree height growth

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 970-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.H. Weng ◽  
P. Lu ◽  
Q.F. Meng ◽  
M. Krasowski
Keyword(s):  
Growth Traits ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Gene Effects ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Heritability Estimates ◽  
Tree Height Growth

Developing resistance to western gall rust (WGR) is important for maintaining healthy and productive jack pine plantations. In this study, we estimated genetic parameters of resistance to WGR and its relationship with tree height growth, based on data collected from three second-generation full-sib progeny testing series of jack pine planted in New Brunswick, Canada. Results indicated that (i) resistance to WGR in jack pine was controlled by both additive and dominance gene effects, with the latter playing a greater role; (ii) narrow-sense heritability estimates for resistance to WGR were low (mean = 0.05; series range = 0.00∼0.09), and broad-sense heritability estimates were moderate on an individual-tree basis (mean = 0.53) and considerably higher on the full-sib family mean basis (mean = 0.87); (iii) additive genetic correlation between tree height growth and WGR incidence was low (≤0.06) in two series and only slightly higher and favorable (–0.19) in one series, suggesting that selection on growth traits would not negatively affect WGR resistance; and (iv) mid-parental additive genetic and dominance effects on WGR were empirically correlated (>0.65), indicating that incorporating breeding for WGR resistance into current jack pine tree improvement programs with a seed orchard approach could partly capture the benefit from dominance effects. Although genetic gains in WGR resistance could be realized through various breeding and deployment schemes, it appeared that rapid improvement could be achieved through backward selection on full-sib family means.

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