Leaf compositional differences predict variation in Hypsipyla robusta damage to Toona ciliata in field trials

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 642-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saul A Cunningham ◽  
Robert B Floyd
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Compositional Variation ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Hypsipyla Robusta ◽  
Toona Ciliata ◽  
Nirs Data

Hypsipyla robusta Moore is a shoot-boring moth that feeds on species in the Swietenioideae subfamily of Meliaceae, including the rain forest tree Toona ciliata M. Roemer. Damage from Hypsipyla has been a major barrier to growing these species in plantations. Although there has been speculation regarding the role of plant chemistry in determining host selection by Hypsipyla, there is no substantial evidence to support a role for any particular class of compounds. In this study, we used near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to quantify variation in tissue composition to determine whether compositional variation could be linked with differences in H. robusta damage in a sample of 153 T. ciliata tree stems. We found that a discriminant analysis using NIRS data successfully classified most leaflets into high- and low-damage classes. Regression models based on NIRS data were also able to predict variation in leaflet nitrogen and tree height. Taller specimens of T. ciliata were more frequently damaged. Leaf nitrogen varied only a little, making it a weak explanatory variable for insect attack. The capacity of NIRS to predict variation in H. robusta attack suggests a link between T. ciliata leaf chemistry and H. robusta behaviour.

Comparison of estimation methods to obtain ideal distribution of forest tree height

2014 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 191-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esperanza Ayuga-Téllez ◽  
Francisco Mauro-Gutiérrez ◽  
Antonio García-Abril ◽  
Concepción González-García ◽  
J. Eugenio Martínez-Falero
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Estimation Methods

scholarly journals Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Screening for Bladder Disease in Africa: Training Rural Clinic Staff to Collect Data of Diagnostic Quality

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Stothers ◽  
Andrew Macnab ◽  
Sharif Mutabazi ◽  
Ronald Mukisa ◽  
Behnam Molavi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Diagnostic Quality ◽  
Clinic Staff ◽  
Bladder Disease ◽  
Patient Screening ◽  
Interactive Training ◽  
Workshop Training ◽  
Nirs Data ◽  
The Cost

Background. While near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has recognized relevance for developing countries, biomedical applications are rare. This reflects the cost and complexity of NIRS and the convention of comprehensive training for accurate data collection. In an international initiative using transcutaneous NIRS to screen for bladder disease in Africa, we evaluated if interactive training enabled clinic staff to collect data accurately.Methods. Workshop training in a Ugandan medical clinic on NIRS monitoring theory; bladder physiology and chromophore changes occurring with disease; device orientation; device positioning over the bladder, monitoring subjects during voiding; and saving/uploading data. Participation in patient screening followed with observation, assistance, and then data collection. Evaluation comprised conduct of serial independent screenings with analysis if saved files were of diagnostic quality.Results. 10 individuals attended 1-hour workshops and then 0.5–3.0 hours of screening. Five then felt able to conduct screening independently and all collected data were of diagnostic quality (>5 consecutive patients); all had participated in screening for >1.5 hours (6+ subjects); less participation allowed competent assistance but not consistent adherence to the monitoring protocol.Conclusion. A simplified NIRS system, small-group theory/orientation workshops, and >I.5 hours of 1 : 1 training during screening enabled clinic staff in Africa to collect accurate NIRS data.

NIRS Calibration of Aflatoxin in Maize

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross E. Darnell ◽  
Jagger J. Harvey ◽  
Glen P. Fox ◽  
Mary T. Fletcher ◽  
James Wainaina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Machine Method ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Wet Chemistry ◽  
Learning Techniques

The aim of this study is to determine the value of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a diagnostic tool for aflatoxin contamination, specifically to rapidly predict levels of aflatoxin, either quantitatively or qualitatively, in ground maize. Maize was collected from inoculated field trials conducted across four sites in Kenya. Inoculated and uninoculated maize ears were harvested, milled, and prepared for NIRS scanning and wet chemistry-based aflatoxin quantification. Several statistical and machine learning techniques were compared. Absorbance at a single bandwidth explained 34 % of the variation in levels of aflatoxin using a regression model while a partial least-squares (PLS) method showed that NIR measurements could explain 42 % of the variation in aflatoxin levels. To compare various methods for their ability to classify samples with high (>100 ppb) levels of aflatoxin, various additional procedures were applied. The k-nearest neighbour classification method yielded sensitivity and specificity values of 0.75 and 0.52 respectively, compared with the support vector machine method with estimates of 0.81 and 0.68, whereas PLS could achieve values of 0.82 and 0.72 respectively. The corresponding false positive and false negative values are still unacceptable for NIRS to be used with confidence, as ~18 % of contaminated ground maize samples would be accepted and 28 % of good maize would be discarded or declared contaminated or downgraded. However, such calibrations could be useful in breeding programs without access to wet chemistry analysis, seeking to rank entries semiquantitatively.

scholarly journals The Use of Fluorescent Anti-CEA Antibodies to Label, Resect and Treat Cancers: A Review

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1819
Author(s):  
Michael A. Turner ◽  
Thinzar M. Lwin ◽  
Siamak Amirfakhri ◽  
Hiroto Nishino ◽  
Robert M. Hoffman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Fluorescent Dyes ◽  
Review Article ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Murine Models ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Tumor Margins ◽  
Cancer Types

A major barrier to the diagnosis and effective treatment of solid-tumor cancers is the difficulty in detection and visualization of tumor margins in primary and metastatic disease. The use of fluorescence can augment the surgeon’s ability to detect cancer and aid in its resection. Several cancer types express carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) including colorectal, pancreatic and gastric cancer. Antibodies to CEA have been developed and tagged with near-infrared fluorescent dyes. This review article surveyed the use of CEA antibodies conjugated to fluorescent probes for in vivo studies since 1990. PubMed and Google Scholar databases were queried, and 900 titles and abstracts were screened. Fifty-nine entries were identified as possibly meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria and were reviewed in full. Forty articles were included in the review and their citations were screened for additional entries. A total of 44 articles were included in the final review. The use of fluorescent anti-CEA antibodies has been shown to improve detection and resection of tumors in both murine models and clinically. The cumulative results indicate that fluorescent-conjugated anti-CEA antibodies have important potential to improve cancer diagnosis and surgery. In an emerging technology, anti-CEA fluorescent antibodies have also been successfully used for photoimmunotherapy treatment for cancer.

scholarly journals Spectral calibration for deriving surface mineralogy of Asteroid (25143) Itokawa from Hayabusa Near-Infrared Spectrometer (NIRS) data

Icarus ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 262 ◽  
pp. 124-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megha Bhatt ◽  
Vishnu Reddy ◽  
Lucille Le Corre ◽  
Juan A. Sanchez ◽  
Tasha Dunn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Spectral Calibration ◽  
Infrared Spectrometer ◽  
Nirs Data ◽  
Surface Mineralogy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectrometer

Assessment of the Pulpwood Quality of Standing Trees Using near Infrared Spectroscopy

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (A) ◽  
pp. A117-A123 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Schimleck ◽  
A. J. Michell ◽  
C. A. Raymond ◽  
A. Muneri
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Tree Breeding ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Calibration Model ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Sampling Height ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Whole Tree

In Australia, considerable effort has been directed at improving the pulp yield of plantation grown trees through tree breeding programs. However, an improvement in pulp yield relies on the assessment of large numbers of trees. Traditional methods of assessment are expensive, time consuming and destructive, inhibiting their use. Cores can be extracted non-destructively from standing trees using TRECOR, a handheld motor driven drill. The cores are milled, their near-infrared spectra obtained and pulp yield estimated using an appropriate calibration model. The height at which the core is taken is very important. It must represent the whole tree and sampling must be easy and practical. The longitudinal and radial (within-tree) variation of pulp yield for 15 Eucalyptus nitens trees was examined using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. The trees were taken from three families (five trees per family) selected for giving high, medium and low pulp yields respectively. Three trees (one from each family) were examined in detail. Maps of within-tree variation of pulp yield were developed. Pulp yield was found to be highly variable within individual trees and between trees of the same family. The yield of samples from 10% of tree height (approximately 2.2 m) gave the best correlation with whole-tree yield. Samples from 5% of tree height (approximately 1.1 m) gave a slightly lower correlation but provided a more convenient sampling height. Ten Eucalyptus globulus and ten E. nitens trees growing on five sites in Australia were used to examine the longitudinal variation of pulp yield. Trees from sites in Tasmania, Western Australia and Victoria were sampled. The optimal sampling height for E. globulus was 1.1 m. No single sampling height could be recommended for E. nitens due to large site effects.

Results of Field Trials of Realsens™, An Airborne Natural Gas Leak Detection Technology

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Banica ◽  
Doug Miller ◽  
Boyd T. Tolton
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Infrared Band ◽  
Detection Technology ◽  
Gas Leak ◽  
Gas Leaks

Detecting natural gas leaks from the worlds nearly 5 million kilometers of underground pipelines is a difficult and costly challenge. Existing technologies are limited to ground deployment and have a number of limitations such as slow response, false leak readings and high costs. Various remote sensing solutions have been proposed in the past and a few are currently being developed. This paper starts by describing the remote sensing concept and then will focus on a new technology developed by Synodon scientists. This airborne instrument is a passive Gas Filter Correlation Radiometer (GFCR) that is tuned to measure ethane in the 3.3 microns near-infrared band. The paper will then present the results of the first airborne field tests and conclude with a description of the service which Synodon will be offering to the transmission and distribution pipeline operators using the new technology.

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