Pine needle rust effect on Pinus banskiana in response to interspecific plant competition and telial host density

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1372-1380 ◽  
Author(s):  
J D Mihail ◽  
J N Bruhn ◽  
T R Meyer ◽  
F W Bell
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Pine Needle ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Competitive Species

Three compartments differing in soil texture were established in 1994 to examine interspecific competition using Pinus banskiana Lamb. and 11 competitive species including Aster macrophyllus L. Each competitive species was established in six planting densities in combination with P. banksiana. Since P. banksiana and A. macrophyllus are hosts of the pine needle rust (PNR) fungus, Coleosporium asterum (Diet.) Syd., conditions were inadvertently created for examining the effect of PNR on tree growth under interspecific competition. Tree size was measured in 1995 and 1996. PNR was assessed in 1996 (incidence) and 1997 (severity). Pinus banksiana root collar diameter, stem length, and crown diameter were significantly lower in the loam soil texture compartment compared with the clay or sand compartments. Using the same metrics, P. banksiana size was reduced as competitor density increased in 1995 and 1996, particularly for A. macrophyllus. Further, P. banksiana size was significantly reduced by PNR infection in 1996. Excluding the plots with A. macrophyllus, P. banksiana infected in 1996 were significantly larger than disease-free trees in the clay and sand compartments, suggesting that larger trees may represent larger targets for spore deposition. In 1996, PNR incidence was significantly correlated with proximity to A. macrophyllus plots.

scholarly journals VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND NUTRIENT LEVELS OF LINGONBERRIES GROWN IN FOUR ALASKAN SUBSTRATES

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 969-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
PATRICIA S. HOLLOWAY ◽  
ROBERT M. VAN VELDHUIZEN ◽  
CECIL STUSHNOFF ◽  
DAVID K. WILDUNG
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Silt Loam Soil ◽  
Loam Soil

Vegetative growth of lingonberries was observed on plants growing in four unsterilized, native-Alaskan substrates: coarsely-ground Lemeta peat, Fairbanks silt loam soil, a mixture of peat and silt loam soil and washed Chena very fine sandy loam soil. Following three growing seasons, plants in the peat treatment showed the greatest increase in vegetative growth as revealed by the number of new stems produced, stem length and dry weight per plant. Leaf size did not differ among substrate treatments. The leaves on plants grown in the peat substrate remained green throughout the entire experiment. The leaves of plants in all other treatments showed varying degrees of chlorosis followed by reddening and necrosis. Differences in concentration of N, P, K, Mn, Fe, Zn and Al in whole-plant tissue samples were recorded. The results indicate lingonberries should be grown in a peat substrate for maximum growth and dry matter accumulation.

scholarly journals The Nutrient Status of Plant Roots Reveals Competition Intensities in Rubber Agroforestry Systems

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1163
Author(s):  
Junen Wu ◽  
Huanhuan Zeng ◽  
Fan Zhao ◽  
Chunfeng Chen ◽  
Xiaojin Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Nutrient Competition ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Competition Intensity

Controversial competition theories may confuse the current understanding of belowground plant competition and thus result in incorrect diagnoses and mitigation strategies for nutrient competition. As such, the management of nutrient competition is a major challenge in the application and development of rubber agroforestry systems (AFSs). To explore the effects of plant competition on the nutrient status of rubber AFSs, this study measured the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentrations of the litter and soil and in plant leaves, stems, and roots from five rubber plantations (i.e., rubber monocultures and rubber mixed with cocoa, coffee, tea, and Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Merr., 1910)). The relative competition intensity indexes were calculated to evaluate the competition intensity of each mixed-species system, and Bayesian networks were established to investigate the linkage effects of interspecific competition for nutrients. This study demonstrated that rubber trees had weak competition with cocoa trees, moderate competition with F. macrophylla and tea trees, and intense competition with coffee trees. With the increase in competition intensity, the negative effects of interspecific competition on soil gradually offset the improvement in soil nutrients achieved with intercropping. Nitrogen and phosphorous translocation from the stems to the roots was enhanced by competition. However, enhanced nutrient allocation to roots may have led to insufficient nitrogen and phosphorous supplies in plant leaves. The quality of the litter therefore decreased because the nutrient status of fallen leaves determines the initial litter conditions. Such consequences may reduce the release of nutrients from the litter to the soil and thus increase soil nutrient depletion. This study revealed that competition effects were most obvious for the root nutrient status, followed by the stem and leaf nutrient statuses. Moreover, this study further demonstrated that the nutrient concentration of plant roots can better indicate the intensity of nutrient competition than the nutrient concentration of other plant organs.

scholarly journals Soil Texture Influence on Meloidogyne incognita and Thielaviopsis basicola and Their Interaction on Cotton

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Jaraba ◽  
C. S. Rothrock ◽  
T. L. Kirkpatrick ◽  
K. R. Brye
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Thielaviopsis Basicola ◽  
Native Soil ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Fungal Reproduction ◽  
The Impact

Microplots were used to evaluate the impact of soil texture on Meloidogyne incognita, Thielaviopsis basicola, and their interaction on cotton. A native silt loam soil (48% sand) and four different artificial soil textures produced by mixing native soil with sand (53, 70, 74, and 87% sand) were studied. Each soil texture was infested with 0, 4, or 8 M. incognita eggs and 0 or 20 T. basicola chlamydospore chains per gram of soil in a factorial treatment arrangement. Plots were watered when soil moisture fell below –10 joules/kg for the first 21 days and –30 joules/kg from 22 days to harvest. Plant growth was suppressed early in the season and midseason by T. basicola. M. incognita suppressed plant growth and delayed plant development late in the season across all soil textures. Cotton yield was lower in the presence of either T. basicola or M. incognita. An interaction between M. incognita and T. basicola, which decreased plant growth and yield, occurred in 2006 when neither pathogen caused substantial plant damage. Plant growth, development, and yield were lowest in soils with >74% sand. Root colonization by T. basicola and fungal reproduction and survival decreased in soil having 87% sand. M. incognita generally caused more galling and reproduction in soils as sand content increased. Root galling severity and M. incognita reproduction were suppressed by the presence of T. basicola in soil at sand contents lower than 87%. Soil texture had a greater impact on T. basicola than on M. incognita in this study.

INTERPLANT AND INTRAPLANT COMPETITION EFFECTS ON MAIN STEM YIELD OF THREE DIVERSE-TILLERING SPRING WHEATS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. HUCL ◽  
R. J. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Interplant Competition

Three spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes (Neepawa, Siete Cerros and M1417) were subjected to four levels of tiller removal (MS remaining, MS + T1 remaining, MS + T1 + T2 remaining, control) at three plant densities (two, four and eight plants per 15-cm-diameter pot) in a controlled environment to assess the effects of interplant and intraplant competition on stem dimensions and yield-related traits of genotypes with diverse tillering habits. Both types of competition resulted in reduced kernel weight and main stem grain yield and increased yield per pot. Interplant competition also reduced harvest indices while intraplant competition reduced main stem length and main stem diameter. The oligoculm genotype, M1417, was more sensitive to interplant competition than Siete Cerros and Neepawa. The increased sensitivity of M1417 appears to result from plant mortality combined with the inability to maintain kernel mass under severe interplant competition.Key words: Triticum aestivum, wheat (spring), tiller removal, grain yield, plant competition.

L'utilisation du compost de boues de stations d'épuration des eaux comme substrat de culture pour la production des plants forestiers en récipients

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 518-527
Author(s):  
Patrick Polan ◽  
Jean Gagnon ◽  
J. Peter Jones
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Containerized Seedlings ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Sludge Recycling ◽  
Collar Diameter

The Quebec government has established a program to treat industrial and domestic wastewaters. However, this program does make it necessary to dispose of large quantities of sludge. This sludge can be burned or landfilled but such solutions do not properly draw benefit from the sludge's potential as a fertilizer. There is a considerable interest in composting of the sludge. In this study, compost from the composting plant in Plattsburgh was mixed with the growing substrate normally used for the production of containerized jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedlings to determine if the compost could be used for the production in containers of forest seedlings. The growth of containerized seedlings produced with proportions by volume of 80% peat moss and 20% vermiculite was compared to the growth of seedlings when the peat moss (80%) was replaced by different proportions of compost (20, 40, 60, and 80%). After one growing season in tunnel, the best growth rates in terms of shoot height, root-collar diameter, and dry biomass were obtained with the control, followed in decreasing order by the treatments compost 20, 40, 60, and 80%. In this experiment, the use of compost from wastewater treatment plants reduced significantly the growth of jack pine and this can be explained mainly by the lack of nitrogen in the tissues of jack pine seedlings. However, the adjustment of nitrogen fertilization and conditions of cultivation by using compost may permit the production of containerized seedlings having the same dimensions as the controls. The seedling growth parameters when 20% compost was incorporated in the substrate were nearly the same as the control seedling. Key words: sludge, recycling, compost, substrate, container, forest seedlings, jack pine.

scholarly journals Preliminary Assessment on Riverine Soil Properties of Sg. Lebir, Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia

2019 ◽  
pp. 50-52
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
Unconsolidated Material ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
The Mean

Soil is the unconsolidated material in which plants are rooted. Soil texture is determined by the amount of sand, silt and clay in the soil. Understanding soil properties can help to better management and minimize soil disturbance. These soils were collected for soil properties and bulk density along the 55.2km of Sg. Lebir. Soil on Earth commonly contains of various particles such as sand, silt and clay. These particles commonly classes by refer to soil textural triangle. 40g of air-dried sample diluted into 1000ml of deionised water were left until the percentage of sand, silt and clay observed then calculated as percentage. As calculated, the mean percentage of sand contained is 66%, clay 17% and silt 17%. Besides that, it was concluded that most of the soils texture along 55.2km of Sg. Lebir had a sandy loam soil with pH slightly acidic (6.08) with densities the mean is 0.24 gcm-3.

CO2 Emissions and Maize Biomass Production Using Digestate Liquid Fraction in Two Soil Texture Types

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1325-1336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmelo Maucieri ◽  
Maurizio Borin
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Emission Peak ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Primary Tillage ◽  
Loam Soil

Abstract. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of soil texture and primary tillage type on soil CO2 emission and maize biomass production after digestate liquid fraction (DLF) spreading. The study was conducted in 2014 in two open fields at Terrasa Padovana (farm 1) and Bovolenta (farm 2) in the Veneto Region of Italy. Soil CO2 emission after digestate spreading was evaluated by comparing the effect of soil texture (sandy loam vs. clay loam) at farm 1 and the effect of long-term primary tillage management (>10 years) (ripping vs. plowing) in clay loam soil at farm 2. Unamended soil was considered the control at both farms. DLF was supplied before maize ( L.) sowing at a dose equal to 170 kg total nitrogen ha-1 using a splash-plate technique. DLF spreading determined a CO2 emission peak 1 h after spreading at both farms, with median emission values of 8.93 and 4.35 g m-2 h-1, respectively, from the sandy loam and clay loam soils at farm 1. At farm 2, primary tillage type did not exert a significant effect on CO2 emission peak, with a median value of 5.85 g m-2 h-1. About three days after DLF distribution, soil CO2 fluxes were less than 1 g m-2 h-1. The first soil harrowing and the first rainfall event after spreading determined significantly higher CO2 emissions from amended plots than from unamended plots for a few hours. At farm 1, soil CO2 emission during the maize growing season was significantly higher in the amended plots (+1.7 times) than in the unamended plots, which showed a median emission value of 0.29 g m-2 h-1; soil texture and tillage exerted no significant influence. Maize yield at dough stage was not significantly influenced by DLF at farm 1, with 22.7 ±1.6 Mg ha-1 and 18.7 ±2.8 Mg ha-1 in the clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively. At farm 2, the distribution of DLF increased maize biomass production by +17% with respect to the unamended treatment that produced 18.0 ±2.4 Mg ha-1. Although the results reported in this article concern data from only one year, and further long-term experiments are needed to confirm our findings, they indicate that CO2 emissions after digestate distribution are lower in a clay loam soil than in a sandy loam soil and are not affected by primary tillage type. Keywords: Clay loam soil, Digestate splash-plate spreading, Plowing, Ripping, Sandy loam soil.

Davisomycella ampla. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Pine Needle ◽  
Needle Blight

Abstract A description is provided for Davisomycella ampla. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pinus banksiana, P. contorta, P. strobus, P. pinaster, P. radiata. DISEASE: Jack pine needle blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (USA, Canada); South America (Brazil); New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores.

Impact of organic substance on growth attributes of mat type rice seedlings in the trays for machine transplanting

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 694-708
Author(s):  
A. B. M. Shahed ◽  
M. A. Hossen ◽  
Al Mamun M. R. ◽  
T. A. Tamanna ◽  
M. Mizanur
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Organic Substance ◽  
Rice Seedling ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Soil Mixture ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Loam Soil

Rice seedling for mechanical transplanting must fulfill the prerequisites of guideline seedling block with uniform density of seedlings and between bending pulls for rolling. The present study was carried out at the Farm Power and Machinery Department, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet during Boro season/2018-19 with the objective to assess the impact of organic substance on agronomic attributes of mat type rice seedling. The seedling was raised on plastic rigid tray utilizing sandy clay loam (SCL) and sandy clay (SC) soil blending with the organic fertilizer of cow-dung (CD), rice bran (RB), rice husk (RH) and tea wastage (TW) at the rate of 0.0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%, respectively. Averaged across the rate of soil mixture, 5 to 15% of CD and RB with the both types of soil gave higher seedling height, leaf length and stem length while 20% of CD and TW also showed better result for number of leaves and stem thickness. Considering all parameters, 15 to 20% rice husk and tea wastage mixed with the sandy clay loam soil and 10 to 15% with the sandy loam soil gave good result. Be that as it may, seedling quality differed among the natural composts with the two kinds of soil more or less like CD > RB > TW > RH. Water requirement in the SC soil was more compared to SCL soil. It was observed that crack was formed on the sandy clay soil in tray. For both types of soil, the density of seeds in the mat at the rate of 6-7 seeds cm-2 was found at 80% of soil mixture along with rice bran. The findings of the study could be promoted widely in farmer’s field to raise better quality of mat type seedling for better performance of the mechanical rice transplanter which ultimately leads to getting better rice yield.

scholarly journals Growth of planted jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and natural regeneration ten years after pre- and post-harvest spraying and partial cutting in an Ontario boreal mixedwood forest

2015 ◽  
Vol 91 (01) ◽  
pp. 52-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongzhou Man ◽  
G. Blake MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Broadleaf Species

The conventional plantation approach to regenerating jack pine (Pinus banksiana) after harvesting maximizes pine growth but may reduce wood quality. In this study we examined growth of planted jack pine and natural regeneration after herbicide spraying and partial cutting treatments on a boreal mixedwood site in northeastern Ontario. Treatments were pre-harvest aerial spray, post-harvest ground spray in strips (partial spray), partial cut, and post-harvest aerial broadcast spray; an untreated reference stand was used for comparison. Pre-harvest spray was as effective as partial cutting and post-harvest broadcast spray in suppressing trembling aspen regeneration and providing adequate light for survival and growth of planted jack pine. Ten years after planting, mortality and growth of pines in the pre-harvest treatment were comparable to those in the partial and broadcast spray treatments. Due to vigorous growth of broadleaf species [mostly red maple; (Acer rubrum)], and shade from the residual overstory, jack pine was smallest in the partial cut treatment; however, based on branch size, branch-free stem length and stem taper, wood quality was highest in this treatment. Considering factors important to forest managers such as growth and quality of planted jack pine, treatment costs, and proportion of the harvested blocks allocated to conifer production, the preferred treatment was pre-harvest spray.

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