A simple technique to measure stem respiration using a horizontally oriented soil chamber

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 1555-1560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Xu ◽  
Terry A DeBiase ◽  
Ye Qi
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Flux Chamber ◽  
Stem Respiration ◽  
Additional Equipment ◽  
Sierra Nevada Mountains ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Stem Temperature

This paper introduces a simple technique, the horizontally oriented soil chamber (HOSC), to measure stem and branch respiration easily and accurately. We extend the function of the LI-6400-09 soil CO2 flux chamber by attaching a custom-built polyvinyl chloride (PVC) collar to the stem surface. For small trees and branches we use pipe bushings to connect the chamber to stem surface. Using this technique we measured stem respiration in a young ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) plantation in the Sierra Nevada Mountains near Georgetown, Calif., from June to December 1998. The diurnal and seasonal variations in respiration rate correlate well with the corresponding stem temperature variation. The Q10 values varied from 1.9 to 2.8, which are within the range of Q10 values (1.3-3.3) reported in previous studies. The range of our stem respiration results (3.5-7.2 µmol·m-2·s-1) compares favorably with previous studies on young ponderosa pine trees. This technique provides an alternative to measure stem respiration, which employs widely used, commercially available, portable respiration measurement equipment and requires almost no additional equipment, especially for current owners of LI-6400 systems. Thus, the HOSC technique is appropriate for examining spatial variation of stem respiration.

Spacing and Shrub Competition Influence 20-Year Development of Planted Ponderosa Pine

1990 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 79-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Stand Development

Abstract Growth and stand development of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) were monitored for 20 years after planting at five different square spacings (6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 ft) in the presence or absence of competing shrubs on the westside Sierra Nevada. Mean tree size was positively correlated and stand values negatively correlated with spacing in the absence of competing shrubs. Trees growing with competing shrubs attained 76% of the diameter, 80% of the height, and 58% of the cubic volume of trees free of shrub competition when all spacings were combined. This study suggests that the major effect of shrub competition in ponderosa pine plantations on good sites is to lengthen the rotation. West. J. Appl. For. 5(3):79-82, July 1990.

Flexibility in foraging and roosting behaviour by the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus)

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Mark Brigham
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Eptesicus Fuscus ◽  
Foraging Area ◽  
South Central ◽  
Big Brown Bats ◽  
Big Brown Bat ◽  
Pine Trees

I used radiotelemetry to study the roosting and foraging behaviour of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) in south central British Columbia. Maternity colonies were found in hollows of dead ponderosa pine trees (Pinus ponderosa) and colony members were not loyal to specific trees. Individuals consistently foraged above a 300-m stretch of the Okanagan River, travelling 1.8 km on average from day roosts to the foraging area. There were significant differences in the duration of foraging bouts among different sex and age-classes. The results are compared with data collected in a similar manner for a population in Ontario, where, in contrast to British Columbia, E. fuscus were highly loyal to man-made roost structures and on average travelled less than 1 km to foraging sites that varied nightly. I suggest that the marked difference in both roosting and foraging behaviour is due to differences in the availability and structure of roosts and in the distribution of insect prey.

THE TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL ARRIVAL PATTERN OF DENDROCTONUS BREVICOMIS IN PONDEROSA PINE

1976 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick M. Stephen ◽  
Donald L. Dahlsten
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Dendroctonus Brevicomis ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Significant Linear Correlation ◽  
Sierra Nevada Mountains ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
The University ◽  
Arrival Pattern

AbstractContinuous trapping on the bark surface of trees infested with Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte was carried out during six beetle generations from June 1969 to November 1971, at the University of California’s Blodgett Forest Research Station in the central Sierra Nevada mountains. Significant linear correlation was found between the density of D. brevicomis trapped on the surface of infested trees and the initial within-tree beetle densities. In the first beetle generation, mass arrival was rapid and intense (averaging 1167 beetles per 2.7 sq. dm of trapping surface on each tree, during a mean of 8.8 days). The arrival patterns during this generation were quite consistent between trees. During the second generation, mass arrival was prolonged over a mean of 19.4 days and fewer beetles were trapped ( per 2.7 dm2 of trapping area per tree). The patterns of arrival were more variable during this second generation. In generation 1, with the exception of one tree, the beetles were distributed equally at the three trapping heights (4.5, 7.5, and 10.5 m). In generation 2 they were more abundant on the traps at the lower portions of the tree.

Continuous measurements of soil respiration with and without roots in a ponderosa pine plantation in the Sierra Nevada Mountains

2005 ◽  
Vol 132 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 212-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianwu Tang ◽  
Laurent Misson ◽  
Alexander Gershenson ◽  
Weixin Cheng ◽  
Allen H. Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Pine Plantation ◽  
Continuous Measurements ◽  
Sierra Nevada Mountains

THE LIFE HISTORY OF IPS CALLIGRAPHUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) WITH NOTES ON ITS BIOLOGY IN CALIFORNIA

1968 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Wood ◽  
R. W. Stark
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Dendroctonus Brevicomis ◽  
Sierra Nevada Mountains ◽  
British Honduras ◽  
Gallery System ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ips Calligraphus

AbstractIps calligraphus (Germar) is distributed continentally throughout North America, including Guatemala and British Honduras. It has been collected on only rare occasions in California, primarily in the central Sierra Nevada Mountains. Four generations were observed during 1961 and 1962, and average summer development required about 40 days. All stages except the egg were observed in the winter. The unique gallery system exhibits four to six egg galleries, which range in length from 25.4 to 38.1 cm, and radiate characteristically from a large, irregular, nuptial chamber excavated by the male. At Grass Valley, Cal., this bark beetle was observed breeding predominantly in the thick-barked portions of the lower bole. Its galleries are often intermixed with those of Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, I. confusus LeConte, I. latidens LeConte, and Melanophila californica Van Dyke in ponderosa pine. I. confusus was the most abundant species of Ips in all localities where I. calligraphus was found.

Symptom expression in conifers infected with Armillaria ostoyae and Heterobasidion annosum

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1210-1219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel W Omdal ◽  
Charles G Shaw, III ◽  
William R Jacobi
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Armillaria Ostoyae ◽  
White Fir ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Old Trees

Crown symptoms and other aboveground variables were examined on 36 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco.) (40–209 years old), 46 white fir (Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl.) (36–165 years old), and 97 ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) (64–220 years old) trees in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado. Root systems of all trees were excavated to determine extent of root disease. Symptoms observed on infected trees, including reductions in height growth, changes in foliage characteristics, and crown dieback, worsened as the number of infected roots increased. Trees with aboveground symptoms had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) number of infected lateral roots than trees without symptoms. In mixed conifer stands on the Archuleta Mesa, Colo., four qualitative crown symptoms were used to accurately detect Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink and (or) Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. infection of Douglas-fir (21/22, or 95%) and white fir (19/28, or 68%). Similarly, 61% (48/79) of the A. ostoyae infected ponderosa pine trees on the Jemez site, N.M., were detected using the qualitative Thomson vigor rating system. Discriminate analysis, using more thorough variables and analysis, resulted in correct infection classifications of 82%, 85%, and 78% for Douglas-fir, white fir, and ponderosa pine, respectively, suggesting that aboveground variables are reasonable indicators of root disease.

Non-staining fungi associated with the bark beetle Dendroctonus brevicomis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) on Pinus ponderosa

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 1943-1945 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Whitney ◽  
F. W. Cobb Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Dendroctonus Brevicomis ◽  
Western Pine Beetle ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Ceratocystis Minor

Three fungi—Ceratocystis nigrocarpa Davidson, an unidentified hyphomycete, and an unidentified basidiomycete—were isolated from extensive non-stained areas of sapwood of ponderosa pine infested with western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis Lec., in California. The two unidentified fungi were also present in the thoracic mycangium of the female beetle while C. nigrocarpa was found only externally on the beetle. The mycangium and its contents are illustrated. Ceratocystis minor (Hedgc.) Hunt, which was also found externally on the beetle but not in the mycangium, was isolated only from scattered patches of blue-stained sapwood. It is suggested that non-staining fungi play a role in causing the death of ponderosa pine trees attacked by D. brevicomis.

scholarly journals Identifying Genetic Variation Associated With Environmental Variation and Drought-tolerance Phenotypes in Ponderosa Pine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengjun Shu ◽  
Emily V. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Association Analysis ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Gene Annotation ◽  
Individual Snps

Abstract Background Genotype-to-environment (G2E) association analysis coupled with genotype-to-phenotype (G2P) association analysis promises exciting advances towards discovering genes responsible for local adaptation. We combine G2E and G2P analysis with gene annotation in Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine), an ecologically and economically important conifer that lacks a sequenced genome, to identify genetic variants and gene functions that may be associated with local adaptation to drought. Results We identified SNP markers in 223 genotypes from across the Sierra Nevada by aligning GBS sequence fragments to the reference genome of Pinus taeda (loblolly pine). Focusing on SNPs in or near coding regions, we found 1458 associated with 5 largely-uncorrelated climate variables, with the largest number (1151) associated with April 1st snow pack. We also planted seeds from a subset of these trees in the greenhouse, subjected half of the seedlings to a drought treatment, and measured phenotypes thought to be associated with drought tolerance, including root length and stomatal density. 817 SNPs were associated with the control-condition values of six traits, while 1154 were associated with responsiveness of these traits to drought. Conclusions While no individual SNPs were associated with both the environmental variables and the measured traits, several categories of genes were associated with both, particularly those involved in cell wall formation, biotic and abiotic stress responses, and ubiquitination. However, functions of many of the associated genes have not yet been determined due to the lack of gene annotation information for trees and future studies are needed.

scholarly journals Methyl chavicol: characterization of its biogenic emission rate, abundance, and oxidation products in the atmosphere

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 19707-19741 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. C. Bouvier-Brown ◽  
A. H. Goldstein ◽  
D. R. Worton ◽  
D. M. Matross ◽  
J. B. Gilman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Emission Rate ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Biogenic Emission ◽  
Methyl Chavicol ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Sierra Nevada Mountains ◽  
Ponderosa Pine Forest

Abstract. We report measurements of ambient atmospheric mixing ratios for methyl chavicol and determine its biogenic emission rate. Methyl chavicol, a biogenic oxygenated aromatic compound, is abundant within and above Blodgett Forest, a ponderosa pine forest in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. Methyl chavicol was detected simultaneously by three in-situ instruments – a gas chromatograph with mass spectrometer detector (GC-MS), a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS), and a thermal desorption aerosol GC-MS (TAG) – and found to be abundant within and above Blodgett Forest, a ponderosa pine forest in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. Methyl chavicol atmospheric mixing ratios are strongly correlated with 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO), a light- and temperature-dependent biogenic emission from the ponderosa pine trees at Blodgett Forest. Scaling from this correlation, methyl chavicol emissions account for 4–68% of the carbon mass emitted as MBO in the daytime, depending on the season. From this relationship, we estimate a daytime basal emission rate of 0.72–10.2 μgCg−1h−1, depending on needle age and seasonality. We also present the first observations of its oxidation products (4-methoxybenzaldehyde and 4-methyoxy benzene acetaldehyde) in the ambient atmosphere. Methyl chavicol is a major essential oil component of many plant species. This work suggests that methyl chavicol plays a significant role in the atmospheric chemistry of Blodgett Forest, and potentially other sites, and should be included explicitly in both biogenic volatile organic carbon emission and atmospheric chemistry models.

Effects of Soil Compaction on Tree Volume in a California Ponderosa Pine Plantation

1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 121-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Helms ◽  
C. Hipkin
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Pine Plantation ◽  
Alternative Approaches

Abstract Soil bulk density was measured around 423 trees (0.48 ha) in a 16-year-old ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) plantation in the Sierra Nevada of California. A landing, skid trail, and areas adjacent to skid trails had soil bulk density increased by 43, 30, and 18% compared to areas with lowest bulk density. Due to differences in mean tree volume and initial survival, volume per unit area in these three locations was reduced by 69, 55, and 13%. Areas between skid trails were relatively unaffected. Assuming full stocking, reduction in productivity by age 40 yr in the most heavily compacted areas is equivalent to about one site index class. Further reduction in projected volume on highly compacted areas could occur due to lower initial survival. Alternative approaches to skid trail management are suggested. West. J. Appl. For. 1:121:124, Oct. 1986.

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