Partitioning of current photosynthate to different chemical fractions in leaves, stems, and roots of northern red oak seedlings during episodic growth

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1308-1317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E Dickson ◽  
Patricia T Tomlinson ◽  
J G Isebrands
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Chemical Fractions ◽  
Episodic Growth ◽  
The Impact

The episodic or flushing growth habit of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) has a significant influence on carbon fixation, carbon transport from source leaves, and carbon allocation within the plant; however, the impact of episodic growth on carbon partitioning among chemical fractions is unknown. Median-flush leaves of the first and second flush were photosynthetically labeled with 14CO2, and partitioning of 14C into lipids and pigments, sugars, amino acids, organic acids, protein, starch, and structural carbohydrates of source leaves, stem, and roots was determined. In addition, four chemical fractions (sugars, starch, amino acids, and total structural carbohydrates) were quantitatively analyzed in leaves, stems, and roots. Chemical changes in source leaves reflected leaf maturation, changing sink demand during a growth cycle, and leaf senescence. Starch and sugar storage in leaves, stems, and roots during lag and bud growth stages indicate a feedback response of these tissues to decreasing sink strength and temporary storage of both starch and sugar in these plant tissues. Northern red oak, with episodic shoot growth patterns, provides an experimental system in which large changes in sink strength occur naturally and require no plant manipulation. Metabolic changes in leaf, stem, and root tissue of red oak have broad application for other oak species and for both temperate and tropical tree species with cyclic growth habits.

Allocation of current photosynthate and changes in tissue dry weight within northern red oak seedlings: individual leaf and flush carbon contribution during episodic growth

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1296-1307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E Dickson ◽  
Patricia T Tomlinson ◽  
J G Isebrands
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Episodic Growth ◽  
Morphological Index ◽  
Allocation Patterns

Relatively little is known about the changing carbon allocation patterns in species with episodic growth cycles such as northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.). To examine such changing allocation and growth patterns, northern red oak plants were grown from seed in controlled environment chambers through four cycles of growth. 14CO2 was supplied to leaves of the first, second, or third flushes at different Quercus morphological index growth stages within each flush, and the distribution of 14C within the plant was analyzed. Carbon allocation from source leaves of the first and second flush was primarily upward during the subsequent cycle of shoot growth and downward during lag and bud growth stages. All leaves within a flush did not respond the same. Upper leaves allocated most 14C-photosynthate upward during leaf and shoot growth while lower leaves supplied more 14C to lower stem and roots. During the third and fourth flushes, differential allocation from leaves within a flush resulted in essentially equal upward and downward carbon allocation. Growth and allometric relationships reflected these changes in carbon allocation.

Endogenous translocation patterns of current photosynthate in post-transplant Quercus rubra seedlings

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1067-1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua L. Sloan ◽  
George S. Jackson ◽  
Douglass F. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
Seedling Physiology ◽  
Carbon Translocation ◽  
Morphological Index ◽  
Exogenous Treatment

Variability between individuals can cause error in plant physiology studies when measurements or treatments occur on a chronological basis. Thus, plant growth indices such as the Quercus morphological index (QMI) were developed, enabling distinctions between exogenous treatment effects and endogenous ontological effects. Few studies have examined post-transplant northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedling physiology in relation to the QMI. We used 14CO2 to label current photosynthate of post-transplant northern red oak seedlings during the first flush to assess endogenous patterns of current photosynthate translocation. Carbon translocation patterns relative to QMI growth stages of post-transplant seedlings resembled those described in pre-transplant seedlings, with expanding leaves and shoots retaining the majority of current photosynthate early in the flush, followed by increases in downward translocation to both new and old roots during the lag stage, when active aboveground growth ceased for the flush. Early post-transplant growth of new shoots relied heavily on stored carbohydrates, and old shoots demonstrated negligible sink strength for current photosynthate throughout the experiment. Our findings emphasize the importance of stored carbohydrates for early post-transplant growth and suggest that QMI-based observations regarding carbohydrate translocation patterns of pre-transplant seedlings in this species remain largely valid for post-transplant seedlings.

scholarly journals The Response of Maize Lines to Foliar Fertilizing

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 365
Author(s):  
Milan Brankov ◽  
Milena Simić ◽  
Željko Dolijanović ◽  
Miloš Rajković ◽  
Violeta Mandić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of two foliar fertilizers applied on five maize (Zea mays L.) lines. Fertilizers were applied at different growth stages of maize, during three consecutive years (2010–2012) at the experimental field of the Maize Research Institute “Zemun Polje”, Serbia. Maize growth parameters such as fresh matter, height, leaf area and grain yield were recorded. Foliar fertilizer with amino acids (FAA) was more advantageous to maize plants compared to fertilizer containing phosphorus (FP) as a main component. Applied FAA has shown positive effects by increasing fresh matter, leaf area index, and plant height in all three years. In 2012, due to unfavorable meteorological conditions, grain yield and harvest index were very low, compared to the previous two years, although, positive effects on morphological traits were observed 21 days after treatments (DAT), as well as in the anthesis stage. The best results of 30% of grain yield and harvest index increase were recorded in line L1 in 2010 and 2011. The same line had an increase of more than 40% of fresh matter and leaf area on average for all three years. The positive effects that have been noticed in this research could recommend foliar fertilizing with fertilizer containing N in a form of an amino acids complex.

Temporal aspects ofQuercus rubradecline and relationship to climate in the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 773-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.J. Haavik ◽  
D.W. Stahle ◽  
F.M. Stephen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Ouachita Mountains ◽  
Temporal Aspects ◽  
Allocation Patterns ◽  
Climate Events

Extreme climate events are frequently important factors associated with episodes of forest decline. A recent oak decline event and concurrent outbreak of a native wood-boring beetle, the red oak borer ( Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman)), occurred throughout Arkansas Ozark and Ouachita Mountains. To investigate the role of drought and stand maturity on northern red oak ( Quercus rubra L.) decline, we analyzed tree-ring growth patterns and their relationships to climate from 815 live and 161 recently dead Q. rubra. While younger Q. rubra exhibited faster growth rates and stronger climate relationships than older Q. rubra, some individuals within all stands that originated >60 years ago were susceptible to growth decline or mortality. A significant growth interaction occurred among the three age classes identified where currently healthy Q. rubra were initially growing at slower decadal rates than currently declining or recently dead Q. rubra and later transitioned to higher growth rates than the others. These differences appear to be related to carbon allocation patterns towards rapid aboveground and (or) belowground growth early in development that led to later decline and (or) mortality. Decline in growth and weakening tree growth – climate relationships appeared to be initiated by an unusually severe and sustained drought in the early 1950s.

Six-year response of red oak seedlings planted under a shelterwood in central Ontario

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 603-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Gordon ◽  
James A. Simpson ◽  
Peter A. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
General Technique ◽  
Ice Accumulation ◽  
Competition Control ◽  
Stock Type ◽  
Herbicide Glyphosate

This study investigated the potential for underplanting 1 + 0 and 1 + 1 northern red oak (Quercusrubra L.) in conjunction with a two-cut shelterwood harvest of a low-quality, ridgetop, tolerant hardwood stand in central Ontario. Growth patterns were followed for 6 years; herbicide (glyphosate) application and prescribed fire (two burns, 3 years apart) were used as competition control measures in an experimental design that tested all possible combinations of stock type, competition control, and clipping 2 years after planting. Six years after outplanting the mean height attained across all treatments for 1 + 0 stock was 76 cm and for 1 + 1 stock, almost 90 cm. Depending upon treatment, some individuals were almost 3 m tall. In the presence of heavy deer (Odocoileusvirginianus Zimmerman) browsing, competition control of any type does not appear to be warranted. Clipping also does not appear to be advantageous. We can speculate that competition control made seedlings more susceptible to browsing by deer or damage by heavy snow and ice accumulation. The competitive ability of red oak on these sites is such that it will respond well to even late release from normal competition resulting from overstory disturbance (i.e., control treatment). The general technique for establishment of oak in this manner appears to be logical for these site conditions, but further investigation is necessary to address the direct impact of browsing pressure on seedling growth and the potential for similar silvicultural prescriptions on more marginal oak sites.

Hydrogen Cyanide Polymers from the Impact of Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 179-187
Author(s):  
Clifford N. Matthews ◽  
Rose A. Pesce-Rodriguez ◽  
Shirley A. Liebman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Nitrogen Heterocycles ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Heterogeneous Solids ◽  
The Many ◽  
Comet Halley ◽  
The Impact ◽  
By Products

AbstractHydrogen cyanide polymers – heterogeneous solids ranging in color from yellow to orange to brown to black – may be among the organic macromolecules most readily formed within the Solar System. The non-volatile black crust of comet Halley, for example, as well as the extensive orangebrown streaks in the atmosphere of Jupiter, might consist largely of such polymers synthesized from HCN formed by photolysis of methane and ammonia, the color observed depending on the concentration of HCN involved. Laboratory studies of these ubiquitous compounds point to the presence of polyamidine structures synthesized directly from hydrogen cyanide. These would be converted by water to polypeptides which can be further hydrolyzed to α-amino acids. Black polymers and multimers with conjugated ladder structures derived from HCN could also be formed and might well be the source of the many nitrogen heterocycles, adenine included, observed after pyrolysis. The dark brown color arising from the impacts of comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter might therefore be mainly caused by the presence of HCN polymers, whether originally present, deposited by the impactor or synthesized directly from HCN. Spectroscopic detection of these predicted macromolecules and their hydrolytic and pyrolytic by-products would strengthen significantly the hypothesis that cyanide polymerization is a preferred pathway for prebiotic and extraterrestrial chemistry.

Chemical Composition and Metal Speciation in Porewaters from the Upper Qu’Appelle River Basin, Saskatchewan

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Farrell ◽  
Jae E. Yang ◽  
P. Ming Huang ◽  
Wen K. Liaw
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Trace Metal ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Metal Speciation ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Carbonate Equilibria ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Porewater samples from the upper Qu’Appelle River basin in Saskatchewan, Canada, were analyzed to obtain metal, inorganic ligand and amino add profiles. These data were used to compute the aqueous speciation of the metals in each porewater using the computer program GEOCHEM-PC. The porewaters were classified as slightly to moderately saline. Metal concentrations reflected both the geology of the drainage basin and the impact of anthropogenic activities. Whereas K and Na were present almost entirely as the free aquo ions, carbonate equilibria dominated the speciation of Ca. Mg and Mn (the predominant metal ligand species were of the type MCO3 (s). MCO30. and MHCO3+). Trace metal concentrations were generally within the ranges reported for non-polluted freshwater systems. Whereas the speciation of the trace metals Cr(III) and Co(II) was dominated by carbonate equilibria, Hg(II)-, Zn(II)- and Fe(II)-speciation was dominated by hydroxy-metal complexes of the type M(OH)+ and M(OH)2°. The speciation of Fe(III) was dominated by Fe(OH)3 (s). In porewaters with high chloride concentrations (> 2 mM), however, significant amounts of Hg(II) were bound as HgCl20 and HgClOH0. The aqueous speciation of Al was dominated by Al(OH)4− and Al2Si2O4(OH)6 (s). Total concentrations of dissolved free amino acids varied from 15.21 to 25.17 umole L−1. The most important metal scavenging amino acids were histidine (due to high stability constants for the metal-histidine complexes) and tryptophan (due to its relatively high concentration in the porewaters. i.e., 5.96 to 7.73 umole L−1). Secondary concentrations of various trace metal-amino add complexes were computed for all the porewaters, but metal-amino acid complexes dominated the speciation of Cu(II) in all the porewaters and Ni(II) in two of the porewaters.

Does the invasion of Northern Red Oak Quercus rubra in parkland influence the diversity of birds?

Biologia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilia Grzędzicka ◽  
Katarzyna Kowalik ◽  
Barbara Bacler-Żbikowska
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Coal Industry ◽  
Alien Plants ◽  
Forest Birds ◽  
Bird Diversity ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Alien Plant Species ◽  
Alien Plant

AbstractInvasive plants are non-native, but in most cases naturalised, species that have successfully spread outside of their native range. Aliens invaded all habitats, are competing with native plants, thus, after the direct destruction of habitats, invasions are recognised as the second largest danger for biodiversity. Northern Red Oak is one of the most common invasive tree species dispersed primarily by birds, but new studies have shown that it is also spread continuously in a forest stand. The main aim of our research was to check how strong is the invasion of Northern Red Oak in Silesia Park, where it was introduced together with other alien plant species, and how this invasion interacts with bird diversity. Silesia Park was created 65 years ago on the surface largely ravaged by coal industry. Because many studies indicate birds as vectors of alien plants invasion, we examined the bird fauna in a described area, looking for species that can contribute to spreading oaks. Research showed the diversity of 50 bird species. Surface with a presence of Northern Red Oak was characterised by greater participation of alien plant species than the patch of natural forest, which existed there long before the park creation. The greatest bird diversity was found in the most natural part of Silesia Park, and the lowest in the area of invasion, especially in the case of species classified as “forest birds”. The presence of alien plants increased number of “non-forest” birds, mostly synanthropic species. We also found that Northern Red Oak spreads by spontaneous seed dispersal.

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