Microfungi associated with Abies needles and Betula leaf litter in a subalpine coniferous forest

2007 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Osono ◽  
Hiroshi Takeda
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Subalpine Forest ◽  
Decomposition Processes ◽  
Volutella Ciliata ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Degree Of Similarity

We investigated microfungal assemblages on leaf litter within a subalpine forest in central Japan and their variation with season, litter depth, and litter species. Microfungal assemblages were compared for Abies needles and Betula leaf litter collected from litter and fermentation layers of the forest floor during the growing season in spring, summer, and autumn. A total of 35 and 42 species were isolated from Abies needles and Betula leaf litter, respectively. The observed variation in microfungal assemblages was primarily attributable to seasonal differences. The frequencies of Trichoderma viride, Volutella ciliata, Mucor sp., and Umbelopsis ramanniana increased in summer, leading to a high degree of similarity of microfungal assemblages in different litter depths and litter species. Microfungal assemblages on Abies needles in spring and autumn and those on Betula leaves in spring were characterized by Trichoderma viride, V. ciliata, Thysanophora penicillioides, Trichoderma polysporum, and (or) Mortierella alpina. Microfungal assemblages on Betula leaves in autumn were characterized by the absence of these species and the occurrence of Cladosporium cladosporioides. The results were discussed with an emphasis on the role of microfungi in decomposition processes and the impact on fungi of predicted future increases in global temperature.Key words: birch, decomposition, diversity, fir, global warming.

The academic profession in Russia’s two capitals: The impact of 20 years of transition

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 626-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizaveta Sivak ◽  
Maria Yudkevich
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Academic Career ◽  
Academic Profession ◽  
University Faculty ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Personal Strain ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Russian Universities

This paper studies the dynamics of key characteristics of the academic profession in Russia based on the analysis of university faculty in the two largest cities in Russia – Moscow and St Petersburg. We use data on Russian university faculty from two large-scale comparative studies of the academic profession (‘The Carnegie Study’ carried out in 1992 in 14 countries, including Russia, and ‘The Changing Academic Profession Study’, 2007–2012, with 19 participating countries and which Russia joined in 2012) to look at how faculty’s characteristics and attitudes toward different aspects of their academic life changed over 20 years (1992–2011) such as faculty’s views on reasons to leave or to stay at a university, on university’s management and the role of faculty in decision making. Using the example of universities in the two largest Russian cities, we demonstrate that the high degree of overall centralization of governance in Russian universities barely changed in 20 years. Our paper provides comparisons of teaching/research preferences and views on statements concerning personal strain associated with work, academic career perspectives, etc., not only in Russian universities between the years 1992 and 2012, but also in Russia and other ‘Changing Academic Profession’ countries.

Business Ethics is Socio-Political, or Not at All

2015 ◽  
pp. 251-281
Author(s):  
Ana-Maria Pascal
Keyword(s):  
Business Ethics ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Kantian Ethics ◽  
Political Responsibility ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mining Project ◽  
Public Ethics ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact

This chapter explores the moral aspects of commercial deals that allegedly democratic governments enter into with foreign investors. These are discussed against a twofold theoretical background – where the philosophical ideal of public ethics based on truth and transparency meets business ethics theories. The Kantian ethics of duty proves to be the key link between these, as particularly relevant for cases where the impact on a wide range of stakeholders is considerable. The main case under consideration is the controversial USD $2 billion Romanian mining project at Rosia Montana, which highlights the need for accountability mentioned above and lends itself well to a multi-fold business ethics analysis. The role of the civil society in effectively stopping the project is a good illustration of the stakeholder theory. The chapter concludes with the thesis that a high degree of socio-political responsibility may be best achieved when trying to combine principle-based and utilitarian thinking.

Role of glutamine synthetase in phenazine antibiotic production by Pantoea agglomerans Eh1087

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 877-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D Galbraith ◽  
Stephen R Giddens ◽  
H Khris Mahanty ◽  
Bruce Clark
Keyword(s):  
Glutamine Synthetase ◽  
Antibiotic Production ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Pantoea Agglomerans ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Isotopic Labelling ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Degree Of Similarity ◽  
Isotopic Labelling Experiments

Pantoea agglomerans strain Eh1087 produces the phenazine antibiotic D-alanylgriseoluteic acid. A glutamine auxotroph harboring an insertion in a putative glnA gene was obtained by transposon-mutagenesis of Eh1087 that produced less D-alanylgriseoluteic acid than the parental strain (strain Eh7.1). Cosmids encoding the Eh1087 glnA were isolated by their ability to complement the mutant for prototrophy. The role of the Eh1087 glnA locus was functionally confirmed by complementation of an Escherichia coli glnA mutant. Analysis of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the Eh1087 glnA gene indicated a high degree of similarity to the glnA genes and glutamine synthetase enzymes of other Enterobacteriaceae. Isotopic labelling experiments with 15N-labelled ammonium sulfate demonstrated that wild-type Eh1087 incorporated 15N into griseoluteic acid more readily than the glnA mutant Eh7.1. We conclude that the 2 nitrogens in the phenazine nucleus originate from glutamine and the intracellular glutamine synthesized by Eh1087 is a source of the phenazine nucleus nitrogens even in glutamine-rich environments.Key words: phenazine, Pantoea, Erwinia, glutamine synthetase, biosynthesis.

Role of phyllosphere fungi of forest trees in the development of decomposer fungal communities and decomposition processes of leaf litter

2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 701-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Osono
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Nutrient Dynamics ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Decomposition Processes ◽  
Phyllosphere Fungi

The ecology of endophytic and epiphytic phyllosphere fungi of forest trees is reviewed with special emphasis on the development of decomposer fungal communities and decomposition processes of leaf litter. A total of 41 genera of phyllosphere fungi have been reported to occur on leaf litter of tree species in 19 genera. The relative proportion of phyllosphere fungi in decomposer fungal communities ranges from 2% to 100%. Phyllosphere fungi generally disappear in the early stages of decomposition, although a few species persist until the late stages. Phyllosphere fungi have the ability to utilize various organic compounds as carbon sources, and the marked decomposing ability is associated with ligninolytic activity. The role of phyllosphere fungi in the decomposition of soluble components during the early stages is relatively small in spite of their frequent occurrence. Recently, the roles of phyllosphere fungi in the decomposition of structural components have been documented with reference to lignin and cellulose decomposition, nutrient dynamics, and accumulation and decomposition of soil organic matter. It is clear from this review that several of the common phyllosphere fungi of forest trees are primarily saprobic, being specifically adapted to colonize and utilize dead host tissue, and that some phyllosphere fungi with marked abilities to decompose litter components play important roles in decomposition of structural components, nutrient dynamics, and soil organic matter accumulation.Key words: carbon cycle, community, endophyte, epiphyte, succession.

Labor in a Massachusetts Cotton Mill, 1853–60

1954 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray Ginger
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Wage Differential ◽  
Labor Relations ◽  
Textile Workers ◽  
Current Consumption ◽  
Wage Earners ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact

Skilled textile workers migrated from Scotland to Massachusetts in the 1850's because of a large wage differential and low steerage rates for the transatlantic passage. For each one of 56 women weavers in the Lyman Mills, expenditures on current consumption took less than 75 per cent of income. But the circumstances were unusual, so this sample does not permit any conclusions about the role of wage-earners' savings in the accumulation of capital in New England. In this mill, two-thirds of the labor force in 1860 had been working there less than three years. The impact of this high degree of labor mobility on labor relations and on the technology of the industry is tentatively assessed.

scholarly journals STEPS IN UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF INSTABILITY UPON URBAN TERITORRIAL SYSTEMS

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei SCHVAB ◽  
Igor SÎRODOEV ◽  
Mirela PARASCHIV ◽  
Natașa VĂIDIANU
Keyword(s):  
Measuring System ◽  
Linear Processes ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Baia Mare ◽  
Adaptive Processes ◽  
Functional Shift ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact

Instability is an omnipresent process that creates the conditions for adaptation and change. A territorial system cannot develop without instability. A high degree of system instability points out an acute structural and functional disorder. The present study proposes a method to measure system instability through economic structural and functional changes inside urban territorial systems. The analysis is done by quantifying the changes and transfers in internal economic hierarchies. System instability shows the role that the system plays in its environment and consequently the measures that can be taken to amplify or hinder (depending on the desired outcome) that role. The conceptual framework captures the adaptive processes associated with system instability and both structural and functional changes are evidenced. The non-linear processes were analysed for the urban territorial system of Baia Mare (Romania) underlining their role in the city’s adaptation to the changing of its environment. The proposed method starts from the assumption that internal systemic hierarchy is a very stable parameter of state. If the system is unstable, significant changes of the internal hierarchy will happen, and this will be reflected in a strong structural and functional shift. Measuring system instability helps better understanding the impact that change and adaptation have over the territorial system and its environment. Understanding these processes may offer policy makers the evidence they need to take actions in a conscious manner.

Detection Techniques of Fraud in Accounting

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arben Sahiti ◽  
Mejdi Bektashi
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Accounting Fraud ◽  
External Auditors ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
The Media ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Made In

The problem relating with the accounting fraud is that it has not stopped despite the numerous changes that have been made in legislation and strict controls by the internal and external auditors. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to asess strategies and techniques available to use for accounting fraud detection. Also, this paper aims to assess the impact of fraud, and the role of auditors and the media in combating this phenomenon. This research will be carried out using secondary data because it fits better the aim and purpose of the research. Data used derived from a range of sources that have a very high degree of credibility and reliability, and which have been carefully reviewed by other relevant bodies for accuracy and quality purposes. This includes databases and various publications. In addition, the data also stem from individual and group publications made by renowned scientific researchers who have solid expertise in their field of accounting. Narrative analysis is used to analyze the data in this paper. This research will conclude that techniques used for the detection of fraud in accounting and various strategies can positively influence the treatment of this phenomenon due to the alarm buzzer for possible fraud. However, vigilance is necessarily required to add all parties involved in the corporation through the use of different anti-fraud programs to stimulate the accountability of the management executives and employees through informants to fight this destructive phenomenon.

Business Ethics is Socio-Political, or Not at All

2016 ◽  
pp. 1560-1590
Author(s):  
Ana-Maria Pascal
Keyword(s):  
Business Ethics ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Kantian Ethics ◽  
Political Responsibility ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mining Project ◽  
Public Ethics ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact

This chapter explores the moral aspects of commercial deals that allegedly democratic governments enter into with foreign investors. These are discussed against a twofold theoretical background – where the philosophical ideal of public ethics based on truth and transparency meets business ethics theories. The Kantian ethics of duty proves to be the key link between these, as particularly relevant for cases where the impact on a wide range of stakeholders is considerable. The main case under consideration is the controversial USD $2 billion Romanian mining project at Rosia Montana, which highlights the need for accountability mentioned above and lends itself well to a multi-fold business ethics analysis. The role of the civil society in effectively stopping the project is a good illustration of the stakeholder theory. The chapter concludes with the thesis that a high degree of socio-political responsibility may be best achieved when trying to combine principle-based and utilitarian thinking.

scholarly journals The role of astroglial proteins in the brains of rats under the influence of doxorubicin and Humilid

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 392-397
Author(s):  
Y. V. Babets ◽  
G. A. Ushakova ◽  
L. M. Stepchenko
Keyword(s):  
Heart Muscle ◽  
Concomitant Administration ◽  
Heart Tissue ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Antitumor Action ◽  
Acid Protein ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Anthracycline Chemotherapy

Doxorubicin causes toxic side effects which result in profound changes in various organs including the heart muscle, which leads to the development of cardiomyopathy, with further complications, as our earlier studies have shown. But there are complications in treatment by anthracycline chemotherapy. The reduction of toxicity of cytotoxic drugs without reduction of their antitumor action remains an important medical challenge. The S-100b and glial fibrillar acid protein (GFAP) are the key astroglial proteins which are widely used as biomarkers for neurotraumas and strokes. Thus the purpose of our work was to study the GFAP and S-100b levels under the experimental model of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy and the effect of the cytostatic separately or combined with Humilid. The level of studied proteins was measured by ELISA using monospecific antibodies against GFAP and S-100b (Sigma, USA), secondary anti-IgG labeled with horseradish peroxidase (Sigma, USA) and GFAP and S-100b standards (Sigma, USA). The experiment was conducted on white Wistar male rats weighing 210 ±50 g, which were divided into 3 groups with 8 animals in each: 1 – control, rats received saline i/p, 2 – doxorubicin 1 mg/kg i/p once weekly during 4 weeks, 3 – doxorubicin by the same scheme plus 0.01% solution of Humilid during 4 weeks. Under impact of doxorubicin an increase of fibrillar GFAP content in the rats’ hippocampus was shown, which may have occurred as a result of the proliferation of astrocytes. An increase of concentration of S-100b to 20–26% compared with the control animals was also detected in the hippocampus, thalamus and the cerebral cortex of the studied animals. Concomitant administration of doxorubicin with Humilid partially prevented the increase in concentration of GFAP and S-100b in the rats’ hippocampus. The reciprocal change in the level of S-100b and GFAP in the peripheral nervous system of the heart tissue was defined with a high degree of correlation under impact of doxorubicin. Accordingly, we have proposed the hypothesis that the increase in of the filament GFAP in the hippocampus may occur due to the development of the ischemic state under the impact of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy. Humilid with doxorubicin prevented changes in the researched astroglial proteins of the heart muscle and brain parts of rats. 

scholarly journals United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (248) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
The United States ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Stress Tests ◽  
Supervision Process ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

This technical note leverages on the 2015 FSAP which concluded that the United States (U.S.) had a high degree of compliance with the Basel Core Principles (BCPs). The FSAP reviewed the progress achieved in addressing the main weaknesses previously identified and the main supervisory and regulatory developments since then. The key focus are the steps taken by the U.S. authorities in recent years to recalibrate and further tailor the banking regulatory and supervisory framework and the role of stress tests in the supervision process. The FSAP team has not covered the impact of COVID-19 outbreak on banks supervision and has not discussed with authorities the related policy response. The FSAP recommendations are meant to be considered once the impact of the pandemic on the economy and the banking sector becomes clearer.

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