Rhizobitoxine production and symbiotic compatibility of Bradyrhizobium from Asian and North American lineages of Amphicarpaea

2001 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 889-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew A Parker ◽  
N Kent Peters
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Nodule Development ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Inhibition Assay ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
The North ◽  
Leaf Chlorosis ◽  
Bradyrhizobium Sp ◽  
Bradyrhizobium Elkanii

Reciprocal inoculations with Bradyrhizobium sp. isolates from the North American legume Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. (Phaseoleae-Glycininae) and from a Japanese population of its close relative Amphicarpaea edgeworthii (Benth.) var. japonica were performed to analyze relative symbiotic compatibility. Amphicarpaea edgeworthii plants formed few or no nodules with any North American bradyrhizobial strains isolated from A. bracteata, but all A. bracteata lineages formed effective nitrogen-fixing nodules with Japanese Bradyrhizobium isolates from A. edgeworthii. However, one group of A. bracteata plants (lineage Ia) when inoculated with Japanese bradyrhizobia developed a striking leaf chlorosis similar to that known to be caused by rhizobitoxine. The β-cystathionase inhibition assay demonstrated that significant amounts of rhizobitoxine were present in nodules formed by these Japanese bradyrhizobia. No North American bradyrhizobial isolate from A. bracteata induced chlorosis on any plants, and the β-cystathionase assay failed to detect rhizobitoxine in nodules formed by these isolates. The role of rhizobitoxine in A. edgeworthii nodulation development was tested by inoculating plants with a Bradyrhizobium elkanii rhizobitoxine-producing strain, USDA 61, and two mutant derivatives, RX17E and RX18E, which are unable to synthesize rhizobitoxine. Amphicarpaea edgeworthii inoculated with wild-type USDA 61 developed >150 nodules per plant, while plants inoculated with RX17E and RX18E developed fewer than 10 nodules per plant. Thus, efficient nodule development in A. edgeworthii appears to be highly dependent on rhizobitoxine production by Bradyrhizobium strains.Key words: Bradyrhizobium elkanii, geographic variation, Leguminosae, mutualism.

Gender Indeterminacy in Translation: the Case of R. L. Stine’s Give Yourself Goosebumps Gamebooks via Portuguese Translation

2018 ◽  
pp. 329-345
Author(s):  
Ana Brígida Paiva
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Grammatical Gender ◽  
Second Person ◽  
The North ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
Gender Neutral ◽  
Literary Systems ◽  
Second Person Perspective ◽  
Neutral Language

As works of fction, gamebooks offer narrative-bound choices – the reader generally takes on the role of a character inserted in the narrative itself, with gamebooks consequently tending towards being a story told in the second-person perspective. In pursuance of this aim, they can, in some cases, adopt gender-neutral language as regards grammatical gender, which in turn poses a translation challenge when rendering the texts into Portuguese, a language strongly marked by grammatical gender. Stemming from an analysis of a number of gamebooks in R. L. Stine’s popular Give Yourself Goosebumps series, this article seeks to understand how gender indeterminacy (when present) is kept in translation, while examining the strategies used to this effect by Portuguese translators – and particularly how ideas of implied readership come into play in the dialogue between the North-American and Portuguese literary systems.

scholarly journals Casual spectators and die-hard fans’ reactions to their team defeat: A look at the role of territorial identification in elite French rugby

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iouri Bermache-Assollant ◽  
Raphael Laurin
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Identity Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Rugby Union ◽  
Team Identification ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Team Loyalty ◽  
The North ◽  
Offensive Strategies

This research investigated the role of two foci of identification (team and territory) on identity management strategies used by sport followers in the particular context of elite French rugby union. In study 1 which dealt with casual spectators (N = 153), the results corroborated numerous studies conducted in the North-American context and showed that team identification constitutes a strong driver for offensive and loyalty reactions. In study 2 which dealt with die-hard fans (N = 64), it appeared that team identification seems to be the best predictor of team loyalty strategy whereas territorial identification seems to be the first predictor of offensive strategies. Taken together, the studies showed the importance of considering the specific context in which sport fanship takes place.

scholarly journals Análisis del subsector museos y su contribución económica en México

UVserva ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 20-34
Author(s):  
Azminda Meybelli Román Nieto
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
National Account ◽  
Economy Growth ◽  
The North ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Account System

El presente artículo analiza el papel de los museos en el sector de la cultura en México y su contribución económica. Para ello, se tomó como base para el análisis de los años 2016 y 2017, los resultados del Sistema Nacional de Cuentas del INEGI, (Año base 2013) y la clasificación del Sistema de Clasificación Industrial de América del Norte SCIAN (2018).Palabras clave: Sector; economía; crecimiento; cultura; museos. AbstractThis article presents the role of museums in the culture sector in Mexico and how they contribute to the growth and development of the country. For this, the results of the National Account System of INEGI, (Base Year 2013) and the classification of the North American Industrial Classification System SCIAN (2018) are taken as the basis for the analysis.Keywords: Sector; Economy; Growth; Culture; Museums.

5.28 Role of Metal Ion Dyshomeostasis in ASD: Evaluation of Copper, Zinc, and Selenium Levels in the North American ASD Population

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. S235
Author(s):  
Adriana M. Delgado ◽  
Mukesh K. Pandey ◽  
Timothy R. DeGrado ◽  
Flora R. Howie ◽  
Andrea R. Huebner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
The North ◽  
Copper Zinc

The role of the Polochic Fault as part of the North American and Caribbean Plate boundary: Insights from the infill of the Lake Izabal Basin

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1347-1364
Author(s):  
Jonathan Obrist‐Farner ◽  
Andreas Eckert ◽  
Marek Locmelis ◽  
James L. Crowley ◽  
Byron Mota‐Vidaure ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Plate Boundary ◽  
Caribbean Plate ◽  
The North

scholarly journals MtBZR1 Plays an Important Role in Nodule Development in Medicago truncatula

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 2941
Author(s):  
Can Cui ◽  
Hongfeng Wang ◽  
Limei Hong ◽  
Yiteng Xu ◽  
Yang Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Sinorhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Nodule Development ◽  
Functional Study ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Wild Type

Brassinosteroid (BR) is an essential hormone in plant growth and development. The BR signaling pathway was extensively studied, in which BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT 1 (BZR1) functions as a key regulator. Here, we carried out a functional study of the homolog of BZR1 in Medicago truncatula R108, whose expression was induced in nodules upon Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021 inoculation. We identified a loss-of-function mutant mtbzr1-1 and generated 35S:MtBZR1 transgenic lines for further analysis at the genetic level. Both the mutant and the overexpression lines of MtBZR1 showed no obvious phenotypic changes under normal growth conditions. After S. meliloti 1021 inoculation, however, the shoot and root dry mass was reduced in mtbzr1-1 compared with the wild type, caused by partially impaired nodule development. The transcriptomic analysis identified 1319 differentially expressed genes in mtbzr1-1 compared with wild type, many of which are involved in nodule development and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Our results demonstrate the role of MtBZR1 in nodule development in M. truncatula, shedding light on the potential role of BR in legume–rhizobium symbiosis.

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