Mixed anion effect in sodium thiocyanate + sodium thiosulfate + water systems

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
pp. 1836-1843 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Kalita ◽  
N N Dass ◽  
S Mahiuddin
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Sodium Thiosulfate ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Sodium Thiocyanate ◽  
Anion Effect ◽  
Temperature Range

Densities and viscosities of R[xNaSCN + (1 - x)Na2S2O3] + (1 - R)H2O systems with R = 0.05, 0.10, 0.14, and 0.18 were measured as functions of mole fraction, x (= 0.0-1.0), and temperature (293.15 <= T/K <= 323.15). A significant mixed anion effect has been observed within the temperature range of the study. The normalized viscosity isotherms were found to detect the mixed anion effect ~1.2 to 3.7 times more than the simple viscosity isotherms. The progressive replacement of S2O32- ions by SCN- ions causes the systems to be less structured and S2O32- ions polarized Na+ ions more towards themselves than towards the SCN- ions. Both these effects govern the variation of the viscosity with mole fraction, x. The mixed anion effect was found to vanish at around R = 0.0106.Key words: mixed anion effect, sodium thiocyanate, sodium thiosulfate, viscosity.

The thermodynamics of the vaporization of liquid indium(I) bromide by modified entrainment

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
pp. 1394-1397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Gardner ◽  
Steve R. Preston
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Carrier Gas ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Liquid Indium

The transport of gaseous In(I)Br in an argon carrier gas was studied in the temperature range 680 to 935 K by the modified entrainment method. Combination of the entrainment results with a literature equation for the total vapour pressure above the liquid gave the following expressions for the temperature dependence of the vapour pressures of the monomer (In2Br2) and dimer (In2Br2) respectively: [Formula: see text] ln T − 0.001164 ± 0.00021)T, (680 −950 K) and [Formula: see text] (680–810 K); p0 = 105 Pa. The dimer concentration is ca. 14% at 680 K and decreases to ca. 4% at 810 K. Key words: high temperature thermodynamics, indium(I) bromide, vaporization thermodynamics.

Disinfection of bacteria in water systems by using electrolytically generated copper:silver and reduced levels of free chlorine

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moyasar T. Yahya ◽  
Lee K. Landeen ◽  
Maria C. Messina ◽  
Susan M. Kutz ◽  
Richard Schulze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Drinking Water Standards ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

As an alternative disinfectant to chlorination, electrolytically generated copper:silver (400 and 40 μg/L copper and silver, respectively) with and without free chlorine (0.3 mg/L) was evaluated over a period of 4 weeks in indoor and outdoor water systems (100 L tap water with natural body flora and urine). Numbers of total coliform, pseudomonas, and staphylococci were all less than drinking water standards in systems treated with copper:silver and free chlorine and systems treated with free chlorine alone (1.0 mg/L). No significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in bacterial numbers were observed between systems with copper:silver and free chlorine and those with free chlorine alone. Overall, free-chlorine treatments (0.3 or 1.0 mg/L) showed significantly lower heterotrophic plate numbers than those without free chlorine. When challenged with a natural Staphylococcus sp. isolate, water with copper:silver and free chlorine had a 2.4 log10 reduction in bacterial numbers within 2 min, while free chlorine alone or copper:silver alone showed 1.5 and 0.03 log10 reductions, respectively. Addition of copper:silver to water systems may allow the concentration of free chlorine to be reduced while still providing comparable sanitary quality of the water. Key words: disinfection, water, copper, silver, chlorine.

scholarly journals Excess partial molar enthalpies of alkane-mono-ols in aqueous solutions

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 713-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Hiroshi Tanaka ◽  
Hikari Infinity Yoshihara ◽  
Alice Wen-Chi Ho ◽  
Frankie W. Lau ◽  
Peter Westh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Composition Range ◽  
Hydrophobic Moiety ◽  
Enthalpic Interaction ◽  
Mixing Schemes ◽  
Small Increments ◽  
Partial Molar Enthalpies ◽  
Transition Of Mixing Scheme

Excess partial molar enthalpies, HAE, of methanol, ethanol, and 1- and 2-propanols in aqueous solutions were measured directly, accurately, and in small increments in mole fraction at 25 °C. From these data, the solute–solute enthalpic interactions, HAAE≡N(∂HAE/∂nA), were evaluated for each alcohol. These data indicate that three distinctively different mixing schemes, I, II, and III exist, as was the case for aqueous 2-butoxyethanol previously studied in our laboratory. The transition from mixing scheme I to II appears to take place gradually within a small composition range. As the hydrophobic moiety becomes smaller from 2-butoxyethanol to methanol, the locus of the transition moves to a higher value in mole fraction of the alcohol. At the same time, the range of transition becomes wider and the solute–solute enthalpic interaction weaker. Key words: excess partial molar enthalpies in aqueous solutions, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, enthalpic interaction, transition of mixing scheme.

Inactivation of coliphage MS-2 and poliovirus by copper, silver, and chlorine

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 430-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moyasar T. Yahya ◽  
Timothy M. Straub ◽  
Charles P. Gerba
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Silver Ions ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Inactivation Rate ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Test Systems

The efficacy of electrolytically generated copper and silver ions (400 and 40 μg/L, respectively) was evaluated separately and in combination with free chlorine (0.2 and 0.3 mg/L) for the inactivation of coliphage MS-2 and poliovirus type 1 in water at pH 7.3. The inactivation rate was calculated as log10 reduction/min: k = −(log10Ct/C0)/t. The inactivation of both viruses was at least 100 times slower in water containing 400 and 40 μg/L copper and silver, respectively (k = 0.023 and 0.0006 for MS-2 and poliovirus, respectively), compared with water containing 0.3 mg/L free chlorine (k = 4.88 and 0.036). Significant increases in the inactivation rates of both viruses were observed in test systems containing 400 and 40 μg/L copper and silver, respectively, with 0.3 mg/L free chlorine when compared with the water systems containing either metals or free chlorine alone. Poliovirus was approximately 10 times more resistant to the disinfectants than coliphage MS-2. This observation suggests either a synergistic or an additive effect between the metals and chlorine for inactivation of enteric viruses. Use of copper and silver ions in water systems currently used in swimming pools and spas may provide an alternative to high levels of chlorination. Key words: enteric viruses, poliovirus, coliphage MS-2, bacteriophage, disinfection, inactivation, copper, silver, chlorine.

The thermoelectric power of ionic crystals II. Results for potassium chloride

1962 ◽  
Vol 267 (1328) ◽  
pp. 31-44 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Thermoelectric Power ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Strontium Chloride ◽  
Ionic Crystals ◽  
Platinum Electrodes ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Experimental Scatter

The thermoelectric power of single crystals of pure potassium chloride and of potassium chloride containing 107 x 10 -5 mole fraction of strontium chloride has been measured in the temperature range 561 to 693 °C, platinum electrodes being used. The results for pure potassium chloride differ substantially from the value reported by Nikitinskaya & Murin (1955) and show much less experimental scatter. A large potential produced by the crystals in the absence of a temperature gradient in the temperature range 470 to 570 °C is briefly described. From the theory of thermoelectric power proposed by Allnatt & Jacobs (1961) the heat of transport of the cation is found to be 0*99 eV and that of the anion 2 J eV in the temperature range 560 to 690 °C. Reasons are discussed for the failure of the relation proposed by Holtan, Mazur & de Groot (1953), which implies that the sum of the heats of transport should be zero for pure potassium chloride.

Thermodynamic Properties of Ionized Gases at High Temperatures

2011 ◽  
Vol 133 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kian Eisazadeh-Far ◽  
Hameed Metghalchi ◽  
James C. Keck
Keyword(s):  
Heat Capacity ◽  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Specific Heat Capacity ◽  
Local Equilibrium ◽  
Equilibrium Conditions ◽  
New Model ◽  
Temperature Range

Thermodynamic properties of ionized gases at high temperatures have been calculated by a new model based on local equilibrium conditions. Calculations have been done for nitrogen, oxygen, air, argon, and helium. The temperature range is 300–100,000 K. Thermodynamic properties include specific heat capacity, density, mole fraction of particles, and enthalpy. The model has been developed using statistical thermodynamics methods. Results have been compared with other researchers and the agreement is good.

Viscosity of Methylbenzene in [Bmim][BF4] and [Bmim][PF6] Ionic Liquids

2013 ◽  
Vol 864-867 ◽  
pp. 125-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Guo ◽  
Yu Song ◽  
Wei Zhao Liang ◽  
Dan Dan Zhang ◽  
Wei Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Liquid Mixtures ◽  
Temperature Range

To well know the properties of ionic liquid mixtures, the viscosity of the binary mixtures containing the methylbenzene and imidazole ionic liquids (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [Bmim][BF4] or 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [Bmim][PF6]) were measured. Within the temperature range from 298.15 K to 308.15 K, the viscosity of the four binary systems decreased sharply as the increase of temperature. The viscosity decreased slowly in the temperature range from 308.15 K to 338.15 K. The viscosity also decreased with decreasing of the mole fraction of ionic liquid. The viscosity of methylbenzene in the imidazole ionic liquids was in sequence: [Bmim][BF4] < [Bmim][PF6]. The experimental viscosity values had been correlated using the binary parameters of Vogel-Fulcher-Tamman equation.

Influence of temperature and concentration on the densities and viscosities of solutions of CsNO3 in a low-melting nitrate melt

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Abraham ◽  
Marie-Christine Abraham
Keyword(s):  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Linear Functions ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Arrhenius Relation

The densities and viscosities of solutions of CsNO3 in a low melting nitrate melt (AgNO3 + TlNO3) have been measured in the temperature range 371–403 K. The mole fraction XCs of CsNO3 in the solution was varied between 0 and 0.1. The viscosities follow an Arrhenius relation:[Formula: see text]in which both ln A and E* were found to be linear functions of XCs:[Formula: see text]These results are explained considering the preservation of ionic species in the mixtures when the mole fraction XCs is varied, and the assumption of the predominance of short range interactions.

Treatments Before Frozen Storage Affecting Thaw Drip Formation in Pacific Salmon

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 1431-1435 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bilinski ◽  
R. E. E. Jonas ◽  
Y. C. Lau ◽  
G. Gibbard
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Frozen Storage ◽  
Freezing Rate ◽  
Slow Freezing ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus Keta

Freshly caught chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, were stored in ice or refrigerated seawater for 0.3 and 10 days and were then gutted and frozen at two different rates (1 or 14.5 h through the temperature range of 0 to −5 °C). The amount of thaw drip (TD) was determined in steaks following 1.5, 4, 8, and 12 mo of storage at −28 °C. A significant increase in TD occurred with the slow freezing rate or with a delay before freezing. These effects were not suppressed by a prolonged frozen storage, which also produced an increase in TD. There was no marked difference between fish held in ice and refrigerated seawater before freezing. Similar results were obtained with coho salmon, O. kisutch, frozen without prior chill stowage. Key words: Pacific salmon, thaw drip, chill stowage, freezing rates Oncorhynchus keta, O. kisutch

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