Towards supported catalyst models: the synthesis, characterization, redox chemistry, and structures of the complexes Ti(OAr′)4 (Ar′ = C6H4(2-t-Bu), C6H(2,3,5,6-Me)4)

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T. Toth ◽  
Douglas W. Stephan
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
Supported Catalyst ◽  
Redox Chemistry ◽  
Orthorhombic Space Group ◽  
Cyclic Voltammetric ◽  
Space Group ◽  
Electron Reduction ◽  
Catalyst Systems ◽  
Ligand Transfer ◽  
Early Late

Reaction of substituted phenoxides with TiCl4 affords the species Ti(OAr′)4 (Ar′ = C6H4(2-t-Bu), 1; Ar′ = C6H(2,3,5,6-Me)4, 2). The compound Ti(OC6H4(2-t-Bu))4, 1, crystallizes in the tetragonal space group [Formula: see text], with a = 15.203(4) Å, c = 8.026(3) Å, Z = 2, and V = 1855(2) Å3. The compound Ti(OC6H(2,3,5,6-Me)4)4, 2, crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbcn, with a = 16.539(7) Å, b = 16.136(6) Å, c = 27.716(12) Å, Z = 8, and V = 7397(9) Å3. The geometry of the Ti coordination sphere in these complexes is best described as pseudo-tetrahedral. In the case of 1 strict crystallographic [Formula: see text] symmetry is imposed. The complex 2 exhibits reversible cyclic voltammetric behaviour consistent with a one electron reduction to the Ti(III) analogue. Chemical reduction of 2 employing sodium amalgam affords the quantitative formation of (C6H(2,3,5,6-Me)4O)2Ti(μ-OC6H(2,3,5,6-Me)4)2Na(THF)2, 3. The reaction of 3 with [(COD)Rh(μ-Cl)]2 does not afford the Ti(III)/Rh(I) early–late heterobimetallic (ELHB) complex (C6H(2,3,5,6-Me)4O)2Ti(μ-OC6H(2,3,5,6-Me)4)2Rh(COD). The nature of all products is not known; however, redox chemistry, in which electron transfer from Ti(III) to Rh(I) occurs is evidenced by the generation of 2 and Rh(0). In addition, ligand transfer reactions giving uncharacterized Rh-alkoxides are suggested by the spectral data. The implications and ramifications for the synthesis of alkoxide bridged ELHB models of bimetallic heterogeneous catalyst systems are discussed. Key words: titanium phenoxides, redox chemistry, structures.

One-electron reduction of the γ*-isomer of [S2W18O62]4– leads to isolation of the α-isomer

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 613-620
Author(s):  
Peter JS Richardt ◽  
Jonathon M White ◽  
Peter A Tregloan ◽  
Alan M Bond ◽  
Anthony G Wedd
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
Cyclic Voltammetric ◽  
Space Group ◽  
Redox States ◽  
Scan Rate ◽  
Electron Reduction

Bu4N+ salts of [S2W18O62]5– and [S2W18O62]6– can be isolated by electro reduction of γ*-(Bu4N)4[S2W18O62] in MeCN. α-(Bu4N)5[S2W18O62]·4MeCN crystallizes in space group C2/c with a = 26.226(2) Å, b = 15.570(2) Å, c = 38.407(2) Å, β = 115.59(2)°, V = 14 145(2) Å3, and Z = 8. The observations indicate that a γ* « α isomerization is associated with the [S2W18O62]4–– [S2W18O62]5– couple. However, the transformation could not be detected on the timescale of cyclic voltammetry up to a scan rate of 10 V s–1. The available data suggest that either: (i) the γ* « α equilibrium favors one of the isomers in solution for both redox states, or (ii) the isomerization is slow on the cyclic voltammetric timescale but the differences in E1/2 values for the α-[S2W18O62]4––[S2W18O62]5– and γ*-[S2W18O62]4––[S2W18O62]5– couples cannot be resolved by cyclic voltammetry.Key words: polyoxometalates, synthesis, electrochemistry, isomerization.

Room Temperature Alkali Metal Reduction of Carbon Dioxide

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas A. Freeman ◽  
Akachukwu D. Obi ◽  
Haleigh R. Machost ◽  
Andrew Molino ◽  
Asa W. Nichols ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkali Metal ◽  
Alkali Metals ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
Bond Cleavage ◽  
Open Shell ◽  
Metal Reduction ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Earth Abundant ◽  
Electron Reduction

The reduction of the relatively inert carbon–oxygen bonds of CO<sub>2</sub> to access useful CO<sub>2</sub>-derived organic products is one of the most important fundamental challenges in synthetic chemistry. Facilitating this bond-cleavage using earth-abundant, non-toxic main group elements (MGEs) is especially arduous because of the difficulty in achieving strong inner-sphere interactions between CO<sub>2</sub> and the MGE. Herein we report the first successful chemical reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> at room temperature by alkali metals, promoted by a cyclic(alkyl)(amino) carbene (CAAC). One-electron reduction of CAAC-CO<sub>2</sub> adduct (<b>1</b>) with lithium, sodium or potassium metal yields stable monoanionic radicals clusters [M(CAAC–CO<sub>2</sub>)]<sub>n</sub>(M = Li, Na, K, <b> 2</b>-<b>4</b>) and two-electron alkali metal reduction affords open-shell, dianionic clusters of the general formula [M<sub>2</sub>(CAAC–CO<sub>2</sub>)]<sub>n </sub>(<b>5</b>-<b>8</b>). It is notable that these crystalline clusters of reduced CO<sub>2</sub> may also be isolated via the “one-pot” reaction of free CO<sub>2</sub> with free CAAC followed by the addition of alkali metals – a reductive process which does not occur in the absence of carbene. Each of the products <b>2</b>-<b>8</b> were investigated using a combination of experimental and theoretical methods.<br>

Sterically Crowded Heterocycles. VI. Relative Configuration of Diastereoisomeric (Z)-1,3-Diphenyl-3-(5-methyl-2-phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-ols

1996 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 1380-1385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Čejka ◽  
Richard Kubík ◽  
Bohumil Kratochvíl ◽  
Josef Kuthan
Keyword(s):  
Preparative Separation ◽  
Orthorhombic Space Group ◽  
Relative Configuration ◽  
Space Group ◽  
X Ray

Relative configuration of the titled racemic compounds 1a and 1b has been elucidated on the basis of a complete X-ray structure determined for the higher melting diastereoisomer. The compound 1a crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P21212, a = 15.610(3) Å, b = 18.634(4) Å, c = 7.5672(7) Å, V = 2201.1(6) Å3, Z = 4. Preparative separation of both diastereoisomers is reported.

Structure Investigations of Agonists of the Natural Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine, IV [1]. X-Ray Structure Analyses of Trimethylpentylammonium-chloride and (4-Acetoxybutyl) trimethylammonium-iodide

1986 ◽  
Vol 41 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 618-626
Author(s):  
Alfred Gieren ◽  
Michail Kokkinidis
Keyword(s):  
Structure Refinement ◽  
Pharmacological Action ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Carbonyl Oxygen ◽  
Type B ◽  
Orthorhombic Space Group ◽  
Space Group ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Structure Investigations ◽  
Automatic Diffractometer

The crystal structures of the title compounds which display cholinergic activity at the ganglionic receptor have been determined by X-ray structure analysis. [(CH3)3N+C5H11]Cl- (1) crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbnm with half a formula unit per asymmetric unit, a = 11.381(14). b = 12.871(17), c = 7.316(4) Å. The intensities of 1106 independent reflections were collected with an automatic diffractometer. The structure refinement converged at R = 0.133 for the 355 observed reflections. The cation of 1 is disordered. [(CH3)3N + (CH2)4-O-C(O)-CH3]I- (2) crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with four formula units per unit cell, a = 16.783(8), b = 10.276(6), c = 7.427(10) Å. The intensities of 1469 independent reflections were collected. The structure refinement converged at R = 0.071 for 1383 observed reflections. In both compounds the trimethylammonio methyl groups are coordinated nearly tetrahedrally by four anions in the first coordination sphere. Anions which occupy a special face type (B) of the tetrahedron of the (CH3)3N+ -CH2-group may be treated as a “model binding site” of the receptor. In the crystal structure of 2 the anions occupying B-type faces form together with the ammonium nitrogen and the carbonyl oxygen so called “Activity triangles”. The almost equal geometries of these activity triangles are correlated with the mode of pharmacological action.

scholarly journals One- and Two-Electron Reduction of Triarylborane-Based Helical Donor-Acceptor Compounds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangqing Jia ◽  
Jörn Nitsch ◽  
Zhu Wu ◽  
Alexandra Friedrich ◽  
Johannes Krebs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
Helix 12 ◽  
Donor Acceptor ◽  
Electron Reduction

One-electron chemical reduction of 10-(dimesitylboryl)-N,N-di-p-tolylbenzo[c]phenanthrene-4-amine (3-B(Mes)2-[4]helix-9-N(p-Tol)2) 1 and 13-(dimesitylboryl)-N,N-di-p-tolyldibenzo[c,g]phenanthrene-8-amine (3-B(Mes)2-[5]helix-12-N(p-Tol)2) 2 gives rise to monoanions with extensive delocalization over the annulated helicene rings and the boron pz orbital. Two-electron chemical...

Strukturuntersuchungen an Diaryldichalkogeniden: Die Molekülstrukturen von [2,4,6-(CF3)3C6H2S]2,[2,4,6-Me3C6H2Te]2 und [2-Me2N-4,6-(CF3)2C6H2Te]2 / Structural Investigations of Diaryl Dichalcogenides: The Molecular Structures of [2,4,6-(CF3)3C6H2S]2, [2,4,6-Me3C6H2Te]2 and [2-Me2N-4,6-(CF3)2C6H2Te]2

1992 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Edelmann ◽  
Sally Brooker ◽  
Norbert Bertel ◽  
Mathias Noltemeyer ◽  
Herbert W. Roesky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Monoclinic Space Group ◽  
Crystal Data ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Orthorhombic Space Group ◽  
Structural Investigations ◽  
Space Group ◽  
X Ray

Abstract The Molecular Structures of [2,4,6-(CF3)3C6H2S]2 (1) [2,4,6-Me3C6H2Te]2 and [2-Me2N-4,6-(CF3)2C6H2Te]2 (3) have been determined by X-ray diffraction. Crystal data: 1: orthorhombic, space group P212121, Z = 4, a = 822.3(2), b = 1029.2(2), c = 2526.6(5) pm (2343 observed independent reflexions, R = 0.042); 2: orthorhombic, space group Iba 2, Z = 8, a = 1546.5(2), b = 1578.4(2), c = 1483.9(1) pm (2051 observed independent reflexions, R = 0.030); 3: monoclinic, space group P 21/c, Z = 4, a = 1118.7(1), b = 1536.5(2), c = 1492.6(2) pm, β = 98.97(1)° (3033 observed independent reflexions, R = 0.025).

Two lithium tricyanomethanide compounds: syntheses and single-crystal structure determination of LiK[C(CN)3]2 and Li[C(CN)3]·½ (H3C)2CO

2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olaf Reckeweg ◽  
Francis J. DiSalvo
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Structure Determination ◽  
Monoclinic Space Group ◽  
Orthorhombic Space Group ◽  
Space Group ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
New Compounds

AbstractThe new compounds LiK[C(CN)3]2 and Li[C(CN)3]·½ (H3C)2CO were synthesized and their crystal structures were determined. Li[C(CN)3]·½ (H3C)2CO crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Ima2 (no. 46) with the cell parameters a=794.97(14), b=1165.1(2) and c=1485.4(3) pm, while LiK[C(CN)3]2 adopts the monoclinic space group P21/c (no. 14) with the cell parameters a=1265.7(2), b=1068.0(2) and c=778.36(12) pm and the angle β=95.775(7)°. Single crystals of K[C(CN)3] were also acquired, and the crystal structure was refined more precisely than before corroborating earlier results.

Komplexe des 1-Thia-4,7-diazacyclononans (L) mit Blei(II), Indium(III), Thallium(I) und (III) Kristallstruktur von [LPb][PbBr4] / Complexes of 1-Thia-4,7-diazacyclononane (L) with Lead(II), Indium(III), Thallium(I) and (III) Crystal Structure of [LPb][PbBr4]

1988 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 567-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Hoffmann ◽  
Franz-Josef Hermes ◽  
Rainer Mattes
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Lone Pair ◽  
Tridentate Ligand ◽  
Crystal Data ◽  
Orthorhombic Space Group ◽  
Space Group

Abstract The reaction of 1-thia-4,7-diazacyclononane (C6H14N2S = L) with salts containing Tl(I) and (III), In(III) and Pb(II) ions yields 1:1 complexes, which can be crystallized as halide or Perchlorate salts. The structure of [LPb][PbBr4] (5) has been determined: Crystal data: orthorhombic, space group P212121, a = 853.2(6), b = 1000.1(4), c = 1860(1) pm, Z = 4. Pb2+ in the [LPb]2+ cation is seven-coordinated by the tridentate ligand and a square of four Br- ions. The Pb-S distance, 286.0(5) pm, is rather short, the lone pair stereochemically activ. The PbBr4- ions are polymeric with octahedrally coordinated lead(II) atoms.

Gemischte Alkalimetall-Oxidosulfidomolybdate A2[MoOxS4– x] (x = 1, 2, 3; A = K, Rb, Cs, NH4). Synthesen, Kristallstrukturen und Eigenschaften / Mixed Alkali Oxidosulfidomolybdates A2[MoOxS4−x] (x = 1, 2, 3; A = K, Rb, Cs, NH4).Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Properties

2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-22
Author(s):  
Anna J. Lehner ◽  
Korina Kraut ◽  
Caroline Röhr
Keyword(s):  
Bathochromic Shift ◽  
Structure Type ◽  
Structure Theory ◽  
Monoclinic Space Group ◽  
Orthorhombic Space Group ◽  
Space Group ◽  
Coordination Numbers ◽  
Preparation Conditions ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Type Orthorhombic

Mixed sulfido/oxidomolybdate anions [MoOxS4−x]2− (x = 1, 2, 3) have been prepared by passing H2S gas through a solution of oxidomolybdates. The alkali salts of K+, Rb+, Cs+, and NH+4 precipitate as crystalline salts from these solutions depending on the pH, the polarity of the solvent, the educt concentrations and the temperature. Their structures have been determined by means of X-ray single-crystal diffraction data. All trisulfidomolybdates A2[MoOS3] (A = NH4/K/Rb/Cs) are isotypic with the tetrasulfido salts, exhibiting the β -K2[SO4] type (orthorhombic, space group Pnma, Z = 4; for A = Rb: a = 940.62(4), b = 713.32(4), c = 1164.56(5) pm, R1 = 0.0281). In contrast, the disulfidomolybdates exhibit a rich crystal chemistry, forming three different structure types depending on the preparation conditions and the size of the A cation: All four cations form salts crystallizing with the (NH4)2[WO2S2] structure type (monoclinic, space group C2/c, Z = 4, for A = Rb: a = 1144.32(11), b = 732.60(4), c = 978.99(10) pm, β = 120.324(7)°, R1 = 0.0274). For the three alkali metal cations a second polymorph with a new structure type (monoclinic, space group P21/c, Z = 4) is observed in addition (for A = Rb: a = 674.83(2), b = 852.98(3), c = 1383.10(9) pm, β = 115.19(1)°, R1 = 0.0216). The cesium salt also crystallizes with a third modification of another new structure type (orthorhombic, space group Pbcn, Z = 4, a = 915.30(6), b = 777.27(7), c = 1120.02(7) pm, R1 = 0.0350). Only for K, an anhydrous monosulfidomolybdate could be obtained (K2[MoO4] structure type, monoclinic, space group C2/m, Z = 4, a = 1288.7(3), b = 615.7(2), c = 762.2(1) pm, β = 109.59(1)°, R1 = 0.0736). The intramolecular chemical bonding in the molybdate anions is discussed and compared with the respective vanadates. Hereby aspects like bond lengths, bond strengths and force constants derived from Raman spectroscopy, are taken into account. Especially for the polymorphic disulfido salts, in-depth analyses of the local coordination numbers and the packing of the ions are presented. The gradual bathochromic shift of the crystal color with increasing S content and increasing size of the counter cations A and molar volumes (for the polymorphic forms), respectively, is in accordance with the increase of the experimental (UV/Vis spectroscopy) and calculated (FP-LAPW band structure theory) band gaps.

scholarly journals β-Y(BO2)3 – a new member of the β-Ln(BO2)3 (Ln=Nd, Sm, Gd–Lu) structure family

2017 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 983-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin K. Schmitt ◽  
Hubert Huppertz
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Lattice Parameters ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Orthorhombic Space Group ◽  
Space Group ◽  
X Ray

Abstractβ-Y(BO2)3 was synthesized in a Walker-type multianvil module at 5.9 GPa/1000°C. The crystal structure has been elucidated through single-crystal X-ray diffraction. β-Y(BO2)3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma (no. 62) with the lattice parameters a=15.886(2), b=7.3860(6), and c=12.2119(9) Å. Its crystal structure will be discussed in the context of the isotypic lanthanide borates β-Ln(BO2)3 (Ln=Nd, Sm, Gd–Lu).

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