Enthalpies of interaction of nonpolar solutes with nonpolar solvents. The role of solute polarizability and molar volume in solvation

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 2624-2627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Fuchs ◽  
Eric J. Chambers ◽  
W. Kirk Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Molar Volume ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Molar Refraction ◽  
Cavity Formation ◽  
Enthalpies Of Transfer ◽  
Nonpolar Solvents ◽  
Formation Enthalpies ◽  
Solute Interaction

Heats of solution of 10 nonpolar solutes (carbon tetrachloride, perfluoroheptane, diiodomethane, benzene, hexane, decane, hexadecane, cyclohexane, toluene, and mesitylene) in 11 nonpolar solvents (heptane, cyclohexane, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, carbon disulfide, diiodomethane, toluene, mesitylene, tetrachloroethylene, 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane, and hexadecane) have been combined with solute heats of vaporization to give enthalpies of transfer from vapor to solvent (ΔH(v → S)). The heat of vaporization of diiodomethane has been measured (11.70 ± 0.01 kcal/mol). Correlations of the form ΔH(v → S) = a + bMMR + cMV describe the solvent–solute interaction enthalpies with high precision (correlation coefficients 0.991–0.999). Earlier correlations with only the molar refraction are limited to solutes of similar refractive index. In each solvent ΔH(v → S) becomes more exothermic with an increase in the solute molar refraction term, and less exothermic with an increase in the solute molar volume term. These terms represent solvent–solute dispersion interaction enthalpies, and solvent cavity formation enthalpies, respectively.

Amelioration of Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Injury by Citrus Leaf Extract

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 426-431
Author(s):  
Jin Xuezhu ◽  
Li Jitong ◽  
Nie Leigang ◽  
Xue Junlai
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Hepatic Injury ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Citrus Leaf ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of citrus leaf extract in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury and its potential molecular mechanism. Carbon tetrachloride was used to construct hepatic injury animal model. To this end, rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, carbon tetrachloride-treated, and two carbon tetrachloride + citrus leaf extract-treated groups. The results show that citrus leaf extract treatment significantly reversed the effects of carbon tetrachloride on the body weight changes and liver index. Besides, treatment with citrus leaf extract also reduced the levels of serum liver enzymes and oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner. H&E staining and western blotting suggested that citrus leaf extract could repair liver histological damage by regulating AMPK and Nrf-2.

Relaxation processes of some simple aliphatic molecules in dilute solutions

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Madan
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Dielectric Relaxation ◽  
Thermodynamic Parameters ◽  
Relaxation Times ◽  
Relaxation Processes ◽  
Dilute Solutions ◽  
Microwave Region ◽  
Nonpolar Solvents ◽  
Dielectric Data ◽  
Intramolecular Rotation

The dielectric relaxation processes of acetone, cyclohexanone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, and 4-heptanone in dilute nonpolar solvents, n-heptane, cyclohexane, benzene, and carbon tetrachloride have been studied in the microwave region over a temperature range 10 to 60 °C. The relaxation times and the thermodynamic parameters for the activated states have been determined using the measured dielectric data. The results have been discussed in terms of dipole reorientation by molecular and intramolecular rotation and compared, wherever possible, with other similar studies on aliphatic molecules.

The role of capillarization in hepatic failure: Studies in carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis

Hepatology ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 864-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Martinez-Hernandez ◽  
Jose Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Hepatic Failure

Determining the Role of Customer Satisfaction in Gaining Customer Loyalty among Cafés

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-85
Author(s):  
Allen Joshua P. Cuñado ◽  
Cathlyn Mae Painagan ◽  
Jeshnin Ann L. Cuñado ◽  
Ella Marie D. Palmada ◽  
Zenar Jane A. Mumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Customer Loyalty ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Business Success ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test

Café as an establishment primarily sells refreshing drinks, snacks, and light meals, with coffee being their flagship product. This type of business is steadily multiplying around the city of Tagbilaran, Bohol, Philippines. Customers have linked to business success as well as customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. This study was implemented to analyze the role of customers’ satisfaction in gaining customers’ loyalty, specifically among purposively selected cafés. The quantitative method of research approach was used with the aid of questionnaires. The data gathered were statistically treated making use of frequency, composite means, weighted mean, chi-square test, and Pearson correlation coefficients. The respondents included 210 customers from the purposively selected cafés. Results showed respondents to be very satisfied (VS) for the Product; for the price; for the place; for the service quality; and moderately satisfied (MS) for promotion. Results further showed that there is a significant degree of relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty.

The Hepatoprotective Role of Warburgia salutaris and Iso-Mukaadial Acetate on Carbon tetrachloride Intoxicated Rats Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gideon Ayeni ◽  
Mthokozisi Blessing Cedric Simelane ◽  
Shahidul Islam ◽  
Ofentse Jacob Pooe
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Hepatic Injury ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Hepatic Necrosis ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Isolated Compound

Background: Medicinal plants together with their isolated bioactive compounds are known for their antioxidant properties which constitute therapeutic agents that are routinely employed in the treatment of liver diseases. Aims of the Study: The current study sought to explore the protective role of Warburgia salutaris and its isolated compound, iso-mukaadial acetate against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic injury. Methods: Thirty-five male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into seven groups of five animals each and injected with CCl4 to induce hepatic injury. Results: Treatment with the crude extract of W. salutaris and of iso-mukaadial acetate significantly reduced the levels of alkaline phosphatase, alanine and aspartate aminotransaminases, total bilirubin and malondialdehyde in a dose dependent manner, when compared to untreated groups. Liver histology revealed a reduction in hepatic necrosis and inflammation. Conclusion: The current investigation has demonstrated that W. salutaris extract and iso-mukaadial acetate could mitigate the acute liver injury inflicted by a hepatotoxic inducer in rats.

scholarly journals Alleviation of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatocellular damage and oxidative stress with a leaf extract of Glyphae brevis (Tiliaceae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 609-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucky Legbosi Nwidu ◽  
Yibala I. Oboma ◽  
Ekramy Elmorsy ◽  
Wayne Grant Carter
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation Product ◽  
Hematological Indices ◽  
Hepatocellular Damage ◽  
Antioxidant Parameters ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Histopathological Studies

Abstract Background Glyphae brevis leaf is reported in ethnomedicine as a treatment for hepatitis and jaundice; however, no studies have hitherto investigated the mechanistic basis of these claims. Methods A hepato-protective role of G. brevis hydromethanolic (GBH) leaf extract was established against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity. Twenty-four hours after a CCl4 challenge, rats were sacrificed and serum hematological indices, lipid profile, and biochemical parameters were determined. The antioxidant enzymes parameters (glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) and lipid peroxidation product (thiobarbituric reactive substances) levels in liver homogenates were evaluated. Changes in the liver cyto-architecture of different treatment groups were also investigated. Results The GBH extract produced no significant impact on weight and hematological indices. Intoxication with CCl4 significantly (p<0.001–0.05) increased total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) compared with control rats. Pretreatment with GBH leaf extract significantly reduced triglycerides, TC, and LDL to approaching control levels (p<0.001–0.05). The GBH leaf extract significantly alleviated CCl4-induced elevation of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and the CCl4-induced depression of total protein, and albumin. Liver antioxidant parameters were significantly increased in plant extract-treated rats, and this antagonized the pro-oxidant effect of CCl4. Histopathological studies also supported a hepato-protective effect of GBH. Collectively, the GBH leaf extract alleviated the CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity through improvement of innate antioxidant enzyme levels and lipid metabolism and stabilized the hepatocyte cyto-architecture of intoxicated rats. Conclusions This study establishes the ethnomedicinal role of G. brevis leaf in hepatitis and the mechanistic basis of hepato-protection against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity.

scholarly journals On the effect of rheology on seasonal sea-ice simulations

1991 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 17-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi F. Ip ◽  
William D. Hibler ◽  
Gregory M. Flato
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Arctic Basin ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Flow Rule ◽  
Average Model ◽  
Ice Drift ◽  
Cavitating Fluid

A generalized numerical model which allows for a variety of non-linear rheologies is developed for the seasonal simulation of sea-ice circulation and thickness. The model is used to investigate the effects (such as the role of shear stress and the existence of a flow rule) of different rheologies on the ice-drift pattern and build-up in the Arctic Basin. Differences in local drift seem to be closely related to the amount of allowable shear stress. Similarities are found between the elliptical and square cases and between the Mohr-Coulomb and cavitating fluid cases. Comparisons between observed and simulated buoy drift are made for several buoy tracks in the Arctic Basin. Correlation coefficients to the observed buoy drift range from 0.83 for the cavitating fluid to 0.86 for the square rheology. The average ratio of buoy-drift distance to average model-drift distance for several buoys is 1.15 (square), 1.18 (elliptical), 1.30 (Mohr-Coulomb) and 1.40 (cavitating fluid).

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