The electronic capacitor at a metal–electrolyte interface

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1145-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Martynov ◽  
R. R. Salem
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Work Function ◽  
Mercury Electrode ◽  
Electron Work Function ◽  
Potential Drop ◽  
Free Electrons ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Zero Charge ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Right

A model for the dense part of electrical double layer is proposed using the concept that conduction electrons penetrate into a solution to form an electronic capacitor on the metal surface. The potential drop between the metal and solution, the charge of the metal, its surface tension, and the electron work function for a metal–solution interface are calculated within the framework of the model, and the formulae derived are compared with experiment. It is shown that for a metal–vacuum interface of 38 metals in the left-hand subgroups of the Mendeleev table the discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental values of surface tension and work function does not exceed the experimental error (i.e. it is less than 10%); for six metals in the right-hand subgroups and especially for semimetals the theoretical error is two to three times higher. The density of free electrons in a metal determined in terms of the concepts of the model is shown to vary monotonously with the element number for all 54 metals with available experimental data.A relationship, previously unknown, between surface tension and zero-charge potential is established, which enabled one to calculate the electronic capacitor charge for mercury (the theoretical value is 33 C/cm2, and the experimental value is 36–38 C/cm2). This paper also reports the calculated values of the integral capacity of a mercury electrode in water: the experimental value is 29 F/cm2 (at the zero-charge point), and the theoretical value is 28 F/cm2. The model predicts an increase of the capacity in the anodic region and a decrease in the cathodic region, in a good agreement with experiment. It should be stressed that although the theory includes only one fitting parameter, the density of free electrons in the metal, it correctly explains a wide range of phenomena.

Human tactile pattern recognition: active versus passive touch, velocity effects, and patterns of confusion

1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Vega-Bermudez ◽  
K. O. Johnson ◽  
S. S. Hsiao
Keyword(s):  
Confusion Matrix ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
Letter Recognition ◽  
Scanning Velocity ◽  
Percent Correct ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Passive Touch ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Right

1. Subjects without any previous experience in a tactile psychophysics task participated in a study of tactile letter recognition employing active and passive touch. In the active task, subjects reached through a curtain and examined embossed letters with horizontal, unidirectional finger strokes. In the passive task, subjects sat with their arms and hands immobilized while a rotating drum stimulator pressed the embossed letters onto the right index finger. The stimulus conditions in the passive task were identical to those used in neurophysiological experiments with monkeys. 2. A survey of 40 naive subjects who were not screened in any way showed a wide range of performance levels. There was no difference between the subjects in the active and passive tasks, either in overall mean percent correct scores, which were 49.0 and 50.7%, respectively or in the percent correct scores for individual letters whose product-moment correlation coefficient was 0.94. The active and passive groups, which contained 25 and 15 members, respectively, had no members in common. 3. Videotapes of the finger movements of eight subjects in the active task showed a characteristic V-shaped velocity profile (velocity vs. lateral position) starting at approximately 100 mm/s at the left-hand edge of the plate containing the embossed letter, decelerating to a minimum when the center of the finger was directly over the letter, and then accelerating away from the letter. The average minimum scanning velocity was 17 mm/s. 4. Scanning velocity had no significant effect on performance in the passive task between 20 and 40 mm/s. An increase to 80 mm/s produced a 16% decline in percent correct identifications. 5. Learning effects were evident across sessions even though subjects were given no feedback or training. The increase in mean percent correct judgments averaged 4% per session, which lasted for approximately 1 h. 6. Data from 64 subjects were pooled for detailed comparison of identification patterns in active and passive touch. The results were analyzed and found to be consistent with the hypothesis that the identification and confusion probabilities are identical in the two modes. We conclude that there is no difference between active and passive touch in form recognition when the stimulus pattern is smaller than a finger pad. 7. Data from all experiments were pooled to produce a single confusion matrix with 324 presentations per letter. The majority of erroneous responses are grouped in a small number of confusion pairs and the majority of those confusion pairs are strongly asymmetric. The probable neural mechanisms of some confusion patterns are discussed.

Redistribution

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lora Deahl ◽  
Brenda Wristen
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Strategies ◽  
Adaptive Approach ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Power And Control ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Piano Literature ◽  
Specific Alternative ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control

Chapter 4, the first of several chapters devoted to specific alternative strategies for small-handed players, shows how redistributing notes--taking notes with the left hand that are meant to be taken by the right, or the reverse--can mitigate or even eliminate problems caused by small handedness. To redistribute notes, the pianist must mentally reconfigure note distributions printed on the score and translate that information into action. The difficulty of this task may explain why redistribution is underutilized as an adaptive approach. Inventive solutions to common challenges found in a wide range of pedagogical and concert piano literature are presented. Specific areas of focus include: uncrossing parts; eliminating stretches in chords and arpeggios; facilitating leaps or hand shifts; increasing accuracy, power, and control; maintaining more neutral hand and wrist positions; facilitating trills and tremolos; maintaining legato and line; and projecting harmony.

scholarly journals A kézhigiénés technika vizsgálata elektronikus ellenőrző berendezés segítségével 26 magyarországi betegellátó intézményben

2017 ◽  
Vol 158 (29) ◽  
pp. 1143-1148
Author(s):  
Ákos Lehotsky ◽  
Júlia Morvai ◽  
László Szilágyi ◽  
Száva Bánsághi ◽  
Alíz Benkó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control

Abstract: Introduction: Hand hygiene is probably the most effective tool of nosocomial infection prevention, however, proper feedback and control is needed to develop the individual hand hygiene practice. Aim: Assessing the efficiency of modern education tools, and digital demonstration and verification equipment during their wide-range deployment. Method: 1269 healthcare workers took part in a training organized by our team. The training included the assessment of the participants’ hand hygiene technique to identify the most often missed areas. The hand hygiene technique was examined by a digital device. Results: 33% of the participants disinfected their hands incorrectly. The most often missed sites are the fingertips (33% on the left hand, 37% on the right hand) and the thumbs (42% on the left hand, 32% on the right hand). Conclusion: The feedback has a fundamental role in the development of the hand hygiene technique. With the usage of electronic devices feedback can be provided efficiently and simply. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(29): 1143–1148.

Epitaxial ferroelectric thin films

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 572-573
Author(s):  
S. G. Ghonge ◽  
E. Goo ◽  
R. Ramesh ◽  
R. Haakenaasen ◽  
D. K. Fork
Keyword(s):  
Single Crystal ◽  
Work Function ◽  
Nonvolatile Memory ◽  
Ferroelectric Properties ◽  
Electrical Contact ◽  
Memory Devices ◽  
Ferroelectric Films ◽  
Si Substrates ◽  
Electro Optic ◽  
Wide Range

Microstructure of epitaxial ferroelectric/conductive oxide heterostructures on LaAIO3(LAO) and Si substrates have been studied by conventional and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The epitaxial films have a wide range of potential applications in areas such as non-volatile memory devices, electro-optic devices and pyroelectric detectors. For applications such as electro-optic devices the films must be single crystal and for applications such as nonvolatile memory devices and pyroelectric devices single crystal films will enhance the performance of the devices. The ferroelectric films studied are Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3(PLZT), PbTiO3(PT), BiTiO3(BT) and Pb0.9La0.1(Zr0.2Ti0.8)0.975O3(PLZT).Electrical contact to ferroelectric films is commonly made with metals such as Pt. Metals generally have a large difference in work function compared to the work function of the ferroelectric oxides. This results in a Schottky barrier at the interface and the interfacial space charge is believed to responsible for domain pinning and degradation in the ferroelectric properties resulting in phenomenon such as fatigue.

Editorial Note

1946 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-2
Keyword(s):  
Editorial Note ◽  
Speech Sounds ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Hand Column ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Infant Speech ◽  
The Right

In the article “Infant Speech Sounds and Intelligence” by Orvis C. Irwin and Han Piao Chen, in the December 1945 issue of the Journal, the paragraph which begins at the bottom of the left hand column on page 295 should have been placed immediately below the first paragraph at the top of the right hand column on page 296. To the authors we express our sincere apologies.

Is the Future the Right Time?

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 308-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Ouellet ◽  
Julio Santiago ◽  
Ziv Israeli ◽  
Shai Gabay
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Task ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Time Line ◽  
Temporal Reference ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Reading Direction ◽  
Mental Time Line ◽  
The Right

Spanish and English speakers tend to conceptualize time as running from left to right along a mental line. Previous research suggests that this representational strategy arises from the participants’ exposure to a left-to-right writing system. However, direct evidence supporting this assertion suffers from several limitations and relies only on the visual modality. This study subjected to a direct test the reading hypothesis using an auditory task. Participants from two groups (Spanish and Hebrew) differing in the directionality of their orthographic system had to discriminate temporal reference (past or future) of verbs and adverbs (referring to either past or future) auditorily presented to either the left or right ear by pressing a left or a right key. Spanish participants were faster responding to past words with the left hand and to future words with the right hand, whereas Hebrew participants showed the opposite pattern. Our results demonstrate that the left-right mapping of time is not restricted to the visual modality and that the direction of reading accounts for the preferred directionality of the mental time line. These results are discussed in the context of a possible mechanism underlying the effects of reading direction on highly abstract conceptual representations.

Evaluation of 99mTc-Label led Vitamin K4 as an Agent for Testicular Imaging

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (01) ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Durak ◽  
M. Kitapgi ◽  
B. E. Caner ◽  
R. Senekowitsch ◽  
M. T. Ercan
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Left Testis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Activity Ratios ◽  
The Right ◽  
Radioactivity Levels

Vitamin K4 was labelled with 99mTc with an efficiency higher than 97%. The compound was stable up to 24 h at room temperature, and its biodistribution in NMRI mice indicated its in vivo stability. Blood radioactivity levels were high over a wide range. 10% of the injected activity remained in blood after 24 h. Excretion was mostly via kidneys. Only the liver and kidneys concentrated appreciable amounts of radioactivity. Testis/soft tissue ratios were 1.4 and 1.57 at 6 and 24 h, respectively. Testis/blood ratios were lower than 1. In vitro studies with mouse blood indicated that 33.9 ±9.6% of the radioactivity was associated with RBCs; it was washed out almost completely with saline. Protein binding was 28.7 ±6.3% as determined by TCA precipitation. Blood clearance of 99mTc-l<4 in normal subjects showed a slow decrease of radioactivity, reaching a plateau after 16 h at 20% of the injected activity. In scintigraphic images in men the testes could be well visualized. The right/left testis ratio was 1.08 ±0.13. Testis/soft tissue and testis/blood activity ratios were highest at 3 h. These ratios were higher than those obtained with pertechnetate at 20 min post injection.99mTc-l<4 appears to be a promising radiopharmaceutical for the scintigraphic visualization of testes.

It is better an approximate answer to the right question than the exact answer to the wrong question : the case of the psychometric analysis of the ASQ:SE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Anunciacao ◽  
janet squires ◽  
J. Landeira-Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Exact Answer ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ages And Stages Questionnaire ◽  
The Right

One of the main activities in psychometrics is to analyze the internal structure of a test. Multivariate statistical methods, including Exploratory Factor analysis (EFA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) are frequently used to do this, but the growth of Network Analysis (NA) places this method as a promising candidate. The results obtained by these methods are of valuable interest, as they not only produce evidence to explore if the test is measuring its intended construct, but also to deal with the substantive theory that motivated the test development. However, these different statistical methods come up with different answers, providing the basis for different analytical and theoretical strategies when one needs to choose a solution. In this study, we took advantage of a large volume of published data (n = 22,331) obtained by the Ages and Stages Questionnaire Social-Emotional (ASQ:SE), and formed a subset of 500 children to present and discuss alternative psychometric solutions to its internal structure, and also to its subjacent theory. The analyses were based on a polychoric matrix, the number of factors to retain followed several well-known rules of thumb, and a wide range of exploratory methods was fitted to the data, including EFA, PCA, and NA. The statistical outcomes were divergent, varying from 1 to 6 domains, allowing a flexible interpretation of the results. We argue that the use of statistical methods in the absence of a well-grounded psychological theory has limited applications, despite its appeal. All data and codes are available at https://osf.io/z6gwv/.

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