Effect of hydrocarbon solutes on electron ranges and free ion yields in liquid xenon

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 749-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toyoaki Kimura ◽  
Gordon R. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Energy Transfer Process ◽  
Energy Transfer Efficiency ◽  
Negative Ion ◽  
Liquid Xenon ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Free Ion ◽  
Trans Butene ◽  
Central Bond ◽  
Ion Yields

The energy transfer efficiency ratio, ETE=(σhΔEh/σxΔEx), for hydrocarbons dissolved in liquid xenon has the following values: ethane, 96; propane, 180; n-butane, 485; ethylene, 193; propylene, 255; cis-butene-2, 425; trans-butene-2, 665. The large increase on going from propane to butane is attributed to the energy absorption capability of the C2H5 groups through rotation about the central bond in butane. The presence of a double bond in the molecule enhances ETE, presumably through the participation of transient negative ion states in the energy transfer process. The cis–trans effect in butene-2 is still not understood.

scholarly journals Sensing Performance and Efficiency of Two Energy Transfer-Based Two-Photon Fluorescent Probes for pH

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 4407
Author(s):  
Yujin Zhang ◽  
Wei Hu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Fluorescent Probes ◽  
Energy Transfer Process ◽  
Energy Transfer Efficiency ◽  
Photon Absorption ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Two Photon Absorption ◽  
Design And Synthesis ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Ph Values

The design and synthesis of fluorescent probes for monitoring pH values inside living cells have attracted great attention, due to the important role pH plays in many biological processes. In this study, the optical properties of two different two-photon fluorescent probes for pH are studied. The ratiometric sensing of the probes are theoretically illustrated. Meanwhile, the recognitional mechanisms of the probes are investigated, which shows the energy transfer process when react with H+. Specially, the calculated results demonstrate that Probe1 possesses a higher energy transfer efficiency and a larger two-photon absorption cross-section than Probe2, indicating it to be a preferable pH fluorescent probe. Therefore, the influence of connection between the donor and the acceptor on the sensing performances of the probe is demonstrated. Our results help to understand the experimental observations and provide a theoretical basis to synthesize efficient two-photon fluorescent probes for monitoring pH changes.

Investigation of the Electrical-to-Thermal Energy Transfer Efficiency of Different Discharge Strategies Through Electrical and Calorimetry Measurement

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Zhu ◽  
Xiao Yu ◽  
Zhenyi Yang ◽  
Li Liang ◽  
Ming Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Transfer Process ◽  
Energy Transfer Process ◽  
Energy Transfer Efficiency ◽  
Transfer Efficiency ◽  
Gap Size ◽  
Electrode Geometry ◽  
Spark Gap ◽  
And Calorimetry

Abstract In this paper, the electrical-to-thermal energy transfer efficiency of the transistor coil ignition system for spark-ignition engines is investigated using both electrical and calorimetry measurements. The gap voltage and discharge current are measured to determine the electrical energy supplied to the spark gap. A pressure-rise calorimeter is used to estimate the thermal energy transferred from the plasma channel to the gas. Firstly, this paper studies the influences of spark gap size, electrode geometry and background pressure on the energy transfer efficiency. To further investigate the effectiveness of increasing breakdown energy on the energy transfer process, a direct-capacitor is paralleled to the spark gap to redistribute the spark energy in both breakdown and glow phases. The varying of the capacitance enables the investigation of the energy transfer efficiency under different breakdown energy level. Results show that the electrical-to-thermal energy transfer efficiency is strongly dependent on gap size, electrode geometry and background pressure. Increasing the breakdown discharge energy is beneficial for the electrical to thermal energy transfer process.

Electron Mobilities and Ranges in Liquid Hydrocarbons: Cyclic and Polycyclic, Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (18) ◽  
pp. 2714-2728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyoji Shinsaka ◽  
Jean-Pol Dodelet ◽  
Gordon R. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Inverse Function ◽  
Negative Ion ◽  
Methyl Groups ◽  
Molecular Symmetry ◽  
Solvated Electrons ◽  
Thermal Electron ◽  
Secondary Electrons ◽  
Cyclic Olefins ◽  
Ion Yields

Penetration ranges bGp of secondary electrons into 21 X-irradiated liquids were estimated from measured free ion yields. The density normalized ranges bGpd are independent of temperature. Increasing the molecular symmetry by creating one or more cycles in the molecule causes the normalized range to increase, provided that the amount of bond distortion due to strain remains small. Ranges are smaller in compounds that contain strained rings. Energy transfer from the secondary electrons to the molecules is enhanced by the presence of distorted bonds in the molecules. The ranges in olefins are affected by the same factors as those in saturated hydrocarbons, with the addition of a contribution of transient negative ion states to the energy transfer processes. Shielding the double bond by methyl groups is not effective; the effect of the added methyl groups on the molecular symmetry is a more important factor. The magnitude of the energy transfer interaction is an inverse function of molecular symmetry.The general correlation between bGp and thermal electron mobilities ue in liquids contains significant variations within it. For a given value of bGp, ue in different liquids increases in the order n-alkane < cycloalkane < cycloalkene < 1,4-cyclohexadiene or benzene. Arrhenius plots of ue in cyclic olefins curve downwards at low temperatures, due to the formation of a deeper trapped state of the electron. The trap is deepest in 1,4-cyclohexadiene (21 kcal/mol) and is attributed to an equilibrium between solvated electrons and anions at temperatures below about 280 K.

Photochemical properties of enediyne-cored dendrimers bearing naphthalenes at the periphery

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-119
Author(s):  
Rina Ichino ◽  
Atsuya Momotake ◽  
Tatsuo Arai
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Transfer Process ◽  
Energy Transfer Process ◽  
Energy Transfer Efficiency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Isomer Ratio ◽  
Rich Mixture ◽  
Photostationary State ◽  
Photochemical Properties ◽  
Cis Isomer

A novel series of trans and cis enediyne-cored dendrimers bearing naphthalenes at the periphery were synthesized and their photochemical properties were examined. The trans/cis isomer ratio in the photostationary state was dependent on the excitation site in the dendrimers. When the enediyne core was selectively excited, the trans/cis isomer ratio in the photostationary state was either around 50/50 or a cis-rich mixture in all dendrimers due to the larger molar extinction coefficient of the trans-enediynes. On the other hand, when naphthalene was excited, a trans-rich mixture was unexpectedly obtained in higher generation dendrimers even though the energy transfer efficiency was almost quantitative in the trans dendrimers. These results could be explained by the energy transfer process, which was different depending on the geometric isomerism of the enediyne core.

Heat, quantum mechanics and information

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 2692-2695
Author(s):  
Bhekuzulu Khumalo
Keyword(s):  
Information Theory ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Transfer Process ◽  
Energy Transfer Process ◽  
Process Information ◽  
Double Slit Experiment ◽  
Slit Experiment ◽  
Double Slit

Heat has often been described as part of the energy transfer process. Information theory says everything is information. If everything is information then what type of information is heat, this question can be settled by the double slit experiment, but we must know what we are looking for. 

The study of intramolecular decay and intermolecular energy transfer for phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 7495-7503
Author(s):  
Wanlin Cai ◽  
Kai Ren ◽  
Ancong Zhao ◽  
Xiulan Wu ◽  
Rongxing He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Energy Transfer Efficiency ◽  
Transfer Efficiency ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Light Emitting Devices ◽  
Organic Light ◽  
Intermolecular Energy ◽  
Intermolecular Energy Transfer ◽  
Organic Light Emitting Devices

Compared to the PtOO7-based system, the greater EQE of the PtON7-based system is mainly governed by the stronger energy transfer efficiency (ηEET); thus, it is necessary to evaluate ηEET from hosts to guests for the rational design of OLEDs.

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