Electrolytes in mixed solvents: indium trichloride in water–dimethylsulfoxide mixtures

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan N. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Mixed Solvents ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Dilute Solution ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Limiting Value

This paper is concerned with the investigation of the conductances (some 160 determinations) of potassium chloride and of indium trichloride in water-dimethylsulfoxide mixtures. The behaviour of potassium chloride in these mixtures is practically identical with its behaviour in water, up to 50 wt% DMSO. Thus Walden's rule is followed very closely, implying that the only effect on the speeds of the ions is that of viscosity. The behaviour of indium trichloride is very different. The conductance increases rapidly with dilution, in the dilute region, and it is time dependent. It is practically certain that the ionization of indium trichloride takes place in steps and that, in dilute solution, progressive hydrolysis occurs. By extrapolating the measurements as a straight line, below concentrations of 0.01 N, an approximation to the limiting value of Λ is obtained.

Dielectric Properties of Binary Solvent Mixtures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noritoshi Nambu
Keyword(s):  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Binary Solvent ◽  
Solvent Mixtures ◽  
Ideal Solution ◽  
Dilute Solution ◽  
Effective Dipole Moment ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Kister Equation ◽  
Factor Governing ◽  
The Ideal

The relative permittivity is a measure of the solvent’s ability to insulate opposite charges from each other and has a very significant effect on the strength of the interactions between ions especially in dilute solution. I describe the relative permittivities, εr(sln) of nonaqueous mixtures as a function of the composition at 25 ºC. Experimental data were fitted with the Redlich-Kister equation. I explained the deviation from the ideal solution in terms of the magnitude of the coefficient a0. a0 is a dominant factor governing the Redlich-Kister equation. The decrease in a0 made a plot of εr(sln) vs. x2 close to a straight line, which corresponded to the ideal solution. The cohesive forces between dissimilar components resulted in the increased effective dipole moment and, consequently, in the small negative value of a0.

The Adaptation of Gunda Ulvae to Salinity

1931 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-94
Author(s):  
C. F. A. PANTIN
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Electric Conductivity ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Dilute Solution ◽  
Dilute Solutions ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Limiting Value

1. The rate of loss of salts by the estuarine worm, Gunda ulvae, on transference from sea water to various dilute solutions has been studied by measurement of the electric conductivity of the solutions. 2. Salts are lost by the worms from the moment of immersion in dilute solutions. Conditions affecting the rate of loss of salts are discussed. 3. The relation between the amount of salts lost and the total electrolyte content of the worm was determined. It is shown that the worms only lose 25 per cent. of their salts during the time that they imbibe a volume of water from the dilute solution equal to their initial volume. 4. The limiting internal salt concentration of worms surviving in waters containing calcium is about 6-10 per cent. of the normal concentration in sea water. No such limiting value can be found for distilled water, since salts are lost continuously till cytolysis occurs. The significance of the limiting concentration is discussed. 5. The effect of osmotic pressure, pH, dilute solutions of NaCl, NaHCO3, glycerol, CaCl2 and CaCO3 are studied. The presence of calcium reduces the rate of loss of salts. Other factors do not seem to influence this rate. 6. The relation of calcium to the maintenance of normal permeability to water and salts in the worm, and the significance of this to the problem of migration into fresh water are discussed.

IX. On the structure and development of the skull in the pig (sus scrofa)

1874 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 289-336 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Chromic Acid ◽  
Dilute Solution ◽  
Ammoniacal Solution ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Muriatic Acid ◽  
The Common ◽  
Medium Type ◽  
Cavia Aperea

My intention for some time past has been to follow up the Morphology of the Fish’s skull by that of the Mammal; and as amongst the “Placentalia” the Guineapig ( Cavia aperea ) takes a very low place, it was chosen as the type to work out. I have been led to change my plan, however, and to take a medium type by an unexpected supply of materials kindly put into my hands, in November 1871, by my friend Mr. Charles Stewart; these were about seventy embryos of the Common Pig, a considerable number of which were barely two thirds of an inch in length, whilst others measured 6 inches in a straight line from the snout to the tuberosity of the ischium *. As the tissues in the earlier stages were only in a nascent condition, the greatest care has been taken to harden them for slicing into sections and for dissection from without inwards; and no labour has been spared in this matter the sections being made after the hardened embryos had been imbedded in solid paraffin. These extremely thin objects were coloured with an ammoniacal solution of carmine, and then transferred to slides, on which they were mounted in acid glycerine. The coarser sections of the larger embryos, to be used as opaque objects, were made without imbedding, after the specimens had been immersed in a dilute solution of nitric or muriatic acid, to which had been added some chromic acid; in the former way I have been able to obtain views of the tissues of the earliest stage under a magnifying-power of as much as 600 diameters, although about 50 diameters has been found to be the most useful, showing, as such a lesser enlargement does, the various parts in relation to each other, and enabling the eye to follow the granular thickenings which are becoming differentiated into special tissues.

Poly(paramethoxystyrene) in dilute solution: Theta conditions by the use of mixed solvents

1972 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mattiussi ◽  
E. Conti ◽  
G.B. Gechele
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Solvents ◽  
Dilute Solution

Time-dependent Structure and Activity Changes of α-Chymotrypsin in Water/Alcohol Mixed Solvents

2000 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 2552-2558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makiko SATO ◽  
Toshiya SASAKI ◽  
Masami KOBAYASHI ◽  
Hideo KISE
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Solvents ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Structure And Activity ◽  
Water Alcohol
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