Facile Synthesis of Thiols and Sulfides

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 1480-1483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Rock Brindle ◽  
Jean-Louis Liard
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Ring ◽  
Sodium Borohydride ◽  
Facile Synthesis ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
The Stability ◽  
High Yields

Sulfurated sodium borohydride reacts with benzylic halides to give high yields of α-toluenethiol or benzylic polysulfldes depending upon the experimental conditions and the mode of hydrolysis.Aliphatic halides and dibenzylic halides react in the same manner as benzylic halides for a given experimental condition whereas benzylic halides substituted with other groups can be totally or partially reduced depending on the stability of the substituent towards NaBH2S3.Halogens directly attached on the aromatic ring do not react with NaBH2S3.

scholarly journals Notizen: Facile Synthesis of N-Permethylspermine and N-Permethylspermidine from their Unmethylated Precursors

1975 ◽  
Vol 30 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 820-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo G. Giumanini ◽  
Giuseppe Chiavari ◽  
Franco L. Scarponi
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Sodium Borohydride ◽  
Mass Spectrometric ◽  
Facile Synthesis ◽  
Rapid Synthesis ◽  
Acidic Aqueous Solution ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Methylated Amines

A rapid synthesis of the title compounds employing formaldehyde and sodium borohydride in acidic aqueous solution in combination with the unmethylated amines is described. High yields and the characteristics of the methylated amines allow the application of the method to gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analyses.

Applicability of Instability Index for In vitro Protein Stability Prediction

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 339-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilani G. Gamage ◽  
Ajith Gunaratne ◽  
Gopal R. Periyannan ◽  
Timothy G. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Protein Stability ◽  
Caulobacter Crescentus ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Instability Index ◽  
Dipeptide Composition ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Vitro Protein

Background: The dipeptide composition-based Instability Index (II) is one of the protein primary structure-dependent methods available for in vivo protein stability predictions. As per this method, proteins with II value below 40 are stable proteins. Intracellular protein stability principles guided the original development of the II method. However, the use of the II method for in vitro protein stability predictions raises questions about the validity of applying the II method under experimental conditions that are different from the in vivo setting. Objective: The aim of this study is to experimentally test the validity of the use of II as an in vitro protein stability predictor. Methods: A representative protein CCM (CCM - Caulobacter crescentus metalloprotein) that rapidly degrades under in vitro conditions was used to probe the dipeptide sequence-dependent degradation properties of CCM by generating CCM mutants to represent stable and unstable II values. A comparative degradation analysis was carried out under in vitro conditions using wildtype CCM, CCM mutants and two other candidate proteins: metallo-β-lactamase L1 and α -S1- casein representing stable, borderline stable/unstable, and unstable proteins as per the II predictions. The effect of temperature and a protein stabilizing agent on CCM degradation was also tested. Results: Data support the dipeptide composition-dependent protein stability/instability in wt-CCM and mutants as predicted by the II method under in vitro conditions. However, the II failed to accurately represent the stability of other tested proteins. Data indicate the influence of protein environmental factors on the autoproteolysis of proteins. Conclusion: Broader application of the II method for the prediction of protein stability under in vitro conditions is questionable as the stability of the protein may be dependent not only on the intrinsic nature of the protein but also on the conditions of the protein milieu.

scholarly journals Effective Separation of Prime Olefins from Gas Stream Using Anion Pillared Metal Organic Frameworks: Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory Studies, Cyclic Application and Stability

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 510
Author(s):  
Majeda Khraisheh ◽  
Fares. Almomani ◽  
Gavin Walker
Keyword(s):  
Breakthrough Curves ◽  
Isotherm Models ◽  
Regeneration Ability ◽  
Solution Theory ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory ◽  
Adsorbed Solution ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Adsorption Desorption ◽  
Adsorbed Solution Theory

The separation of C3H4/C3H6 is one of the most energy intensive and challenging operations, requiring up to 100 theoretical stages, in traditional cryogenic distillation. In this investigation, the potential application of two MOFs (SIFSIX-3-Ni and NbOFFIVE-1-Ni) was tested by studying the adsorption–desorption behaviors at a range of operational temperatures (300–360 K) and pressures (1–100 kPa). Dynamic adsorption breakthrough tests were conducted and the stability and regeneration ability of the MOFs were established after eight consecutive cycles. In order to establish the engineering key parameters, the experimental data were fitted to four isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips and Toth) in addition to the estimation of the thermodynamic properties such as the isosteric heats of adsorption. The selectivity of the separation was tested by applying ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST). The results revealed that SIFSIX-3-Ni is an effective adsorbent for the separation of 10/90 v/v C3H4/C3H6 under the range of experimental conditions used in this study. The maximum adsorption reported for the same combination was 3.2 mmolg−1. Breakthrough curves confirmed the suitability of this material for the separation with a 10-min gab before the lighter C3H4 is eluted from the column. The separated C3H6 was obtained with a 99.98% purity.

scholarly journals Relative versus absolute RNA quantification: a comparative analysis based on the example of endothelial expression of vasoactive receptors

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Kuhlmann ◽  
Melanie Cieselski ◽  
Julia Schumann
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
Digital Pcr ◽  
Absolute Quantification ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Rna Quantification ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Inflammatory Milieu

Abstract Background In the present study, two distinct PCR methods were used for the quantification of genetic material and their results were compared: real-time-PCR (qPCR; relative quantification) and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR; absolute quantification). The comparison of the qPCR and the ddPCR was based on a stimulation approach of microvascular endothelial cells in which the effect of a pro-inflammatory milieu on the expression of vasoactive receptors was investigated. Results There was consistency in directions of effects for the majority of genes tested. With regard to the indicated dimension of the effects, the overall picture was more differentiated. It was striking that deviations were more pronounced if the measured values were on the extreme edges of the dynamic range of the test procedures. Conclusions To obtain valid and reliable results, dilution series are recommended, which should be carried out initially. In case of ddPCR the number of copies per µl should be adjusted to the low three-digit range. With regard to qPCR it is essential that the stability and reliability of the reference genes used is guaranteed. Here, ddPCR offers the advantage that housekeeping genes are not required. Furthermore, an absolute quantification of the sample can be easily performed by means of ddPCR. Before using ddPCR, however, care should be taken to optimize the experimental conditions. Strict indications for this methodology should also be made with regard to economic and timing factors.

scholarly journals Effective replacement of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) by mercaptoalkanoic acids on gold nanorod (AuNR) surfaces in aqueous solutions

Nanoscale ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 658-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael del Caño ◽  
Jose M. Gisbert-González ◽  
Jose González-Rodríguez ◽  
Guadalupe Sánchez-Obrero ◽  
Rafael Madueño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Gold Nanorods ◽  
Ligand Exchange ◽  
Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide ◽  
Gold Nanorod ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Seed Mediated ◽  
The Stability

The highly packed cetyltrimethylammonium bromide bilayer on the surface of gold nanorods synthesized by the seed-mediated procedure hampers the complete ligand exchange under experimental conditions that preserves the stability of the dispersions.

scholarly journals Investigations of ternary complexes of Co(II) and Ni(II) with thiodiacetate anion and 1,10-phenanthroline or 2,2’-bipyridine in aqueous solutions

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariusz Wyrzykowski ◽  
Joanna Pranczk ◽  
Dagmara Jacewicz ◽  
Aleksandra Tesmar ◽  
Bogusław Pilarski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Substitution Reactions ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Kinetic Measurements ◽  
Hydroxo Complexes ◽  
Binary Complexes ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Potentiometric Titration Method ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Ph Range

AbstractA potentiometric titration method (PT) and a stopped-flow kinetic technique monitored by a UV−Vis spectroscopy have been used to characterize the stability of series of Co(II)- and Ni(II)-thiodiacetato complexes, M(TDA), in the presence of 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) or 2,2’-bipyridine (bipy) in aqueous solutions. The stability constants of the binary (1:1), ternary (1:1:1) as well as the resulting hydroxo complexes were evaluated and compared to the corresponding oxydiacetate complexes. Based on the species distribution as a function of pH the relative predominance of the species in the system over a pH range was discussed. Furthermore, the kinetic measurements of the substitution reactions of the aqua ligands to phen or bipy in the coordination sphere of the binary complexes M(TDA) were performed in the 288–303 K temperature range, at a constant concentration of phen or bipy and at seven different concentrations of the binary complexes (0.2–0.5 mM). The kinetic stability of the M(TDA) complexes was discussed in relation to the experimental conditions and the kind of the auxiliary ligands (phen/bipy). Moreover, the influence of the type of primary ligand (thiodiacetate/oxydiacetate) on the substitution rate of the auxiliary ligands was also compared.

scholarly journals Current Practices for Reference Gene Selection in RT-qPCR of Aspergillus: Outlook and Recommendations for the Future

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 960
Author(s):  
Meagan Archer ◽  
Jianping Xu
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Reference Gene ◽  
Reference Genes ◽  
Gene Selection ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Specific Method ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Reference Gene Selection ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
The Stability

Aspergillus is a genus of filamentous fungi with vast geographic and ecological distributions. Species within this genus are clinically, agriculturally and biotechnologically relevant, leading to increasing interest in elucidating gene expression dynamics of key metabolic and physiological processes. Reverse-transcription quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) is a sensitive and specific method of quantifying gene expression. A crucial step for comparing RT-qPCR results between strains and experimental conditions is normalisation to experimentally validated reference gene(s). In this review, we provide a critical analysis of current reference gene selection and validation practices for RT-qPCR gene expression analyses of Aspergillus. Of 90 primary research articles obtained through our PubMed query, 17 experimentally validated the reference gene(s) used. Twenty reference genes were used across the 90 studies, with beta-tubulin being the most used reference gene, followed by actin, 18S rRNA and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Sixteen of the 90 studies used multiple reference genes for normalisation. Failing to experimentally validate the stability of reference genes can lead to conflicting results, as was the case for four studies. Overall, our review highlights the need to experimentally validate reference genes in RT-qPCR studies of Aspergillus.

AN IMPROVED PREPARATION OF ω-HYDROXY ALIPHATIC ACIDS AND THEIR ESTERS

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 1976-1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. M. Diaper ◽  
D. L. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Borohydride ◽  
Reductive Cleavage ◽  
Aliphatic Acids ◽  
Aliphatic Esters ◽  
High Yields

Reductive cleavage of the ozonides of aliphatic acids and their esters by sodium borohydride or by hydrogenation produces ω-hydroxy aliphatic acids and ω-hydroxy aliphatic esters, respectively, in high yields.

Facile Synthesis of 2-Arylindoles through Plancher-Type Rearrangement of 3-Alkyl-3-Arylindolenines

Synlett ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (15) ◽  
pp. 1994-1999
Author(s):  
Santhosh Chittimalla ◽  
Chennakesavulu Bandi ◽  
Vinod Gadi ◽  
Siva Gunturu
Keyword(s):  
Michael Addition ◽  
Facile Synthesis ◽  
Type C ◽  
High Yields

3-Alkylindoles on reaction with a cyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-one catalyzed by BF3·OEt2 gave the corresponding 3-alkyl-3-arylindolenines in high yields through a tandem Michael addition/aromatization sequence. In the presence of HCl, these indolenine derivatives underwent a facile Plancher-type C-3 to C-2 aryl rearrangement to deliver the corresponding 2-arylindoles.

SODIUM CHELATES OF ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETIC ACID

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Palaty
Keyword(s):  
Stability Constant ◽  
Stability Constants ◽  
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽  
Glass Electrode ◽  
Neutral Solution ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Sensitive Method

The stability constant of the sodium chelate of EDTA was determined by means of a sodium-sensitive glass electrode. It appears that a hydrogen chelate of the formula NaHY2− is formed in the neutral solution of EDTA, but is very unstable. The stability constants, pKNaY = −2.61 and pKNaHY = 0.03, are comparable to the value obtained by Schwarzenbach and Ackermann under different experimental conditions by a less sensitive method.

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