The Heats of Solution and Related Thermodynamic Properties of Sodium Chlorate in Water and Water–Dioxane Mixtures

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Campbell ◽  
O. Bhatnagar
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Sodium Chlorate ◽  
Saturated Solution ◽  
Heat Of Solution ◽  
Heats Of Solution ◽  
Tentative Explanation ◽  
A Direct Method

The heats of solution of sodium chlorate in water, and in several water-dioxane mixtures, have been determined experimentally at concentrations of salt ranging from 0.01 molal to saturation. For the dilute region, a direct method was used but for the concentrated range the method was that of diluting the saturated solution. The free energy decreases due to dilution have been calculated from previously determined activity coefficients. Using these data, the entropy changes have been evaluated.The graph of heat of solution vs. concentration of sodium chlorate passes through a minimum for the solutions more concentrated in dioxane, but not for water and weak dioxane mixtures. A tentative explanation of this is offered.

Calculation on the Free Energy of Mixing of some Silane Systems

2011 ◽  
Vol 391-392 ◽  
pp. 1017-1021
Author(s):  
Ru Zhang ◽  
Yan Fen Wu ◽  
Ping Hu
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Free Energies ◽  
Wilson Model ◽  
Energy Of Mixing ◽  
Free Energy Of Mixing

Six binary silane systems were chosen to calculate the activity coefficients (γ) and free energies of mixing (ΔGm). These systems included: methyldichlorosilane + methyltrichlorosilane, methyldichlorosilane + methylvinyldichlorosilane, methyldichlorosilane + toluene, methyltrichlorosilane + methylvinyldichlorosilane, methyltrichlorosilane + toluene, methylvinyldichlorosilane + toluene. Based on the Antoine constants, critical parameters of the pure components and Wilson model parameters, γ and ΔGmwere calculated. The influence factors of these thermodynamic properties were also discussed.

Some Thermodynamic Properties of Indium Trichloride, Indium Hydroxide, and Indium Trioxide

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 1954-1957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan N. Campbell ◽  
Elinor M. Kartzmark ◽  
Om N. Bhatnagar
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Indium Oxide ◽  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Equilibrium Diagram ◽  
Indium Chloride ◽  
Indium Hydroxide ◽  
Freezing Points ◽  
Heats Of Solution ◽  
Freezing Temperatures

The equilibrium diagram of the system InCl3–H2O as been determined as far as it can be followed. From these freezing points, the activity coefficients at the freezing temperatures have been calculated. The heats of solution and of dilution of hydrated and of anhydrous indium chloride, in water, have been determined, as well as the heats of solution of indium hydroxide and of indium oxide (In2O3) in concentrated hydrochloric acid. From these data, the heat of the reaction: 2In(OH)3 = In2O3 + 3H2O and the molar enthalpies of InCl3 and In(OH)3 have been calculated.

Some Electrical and Thermodynamic Properties of the System: Indium Trichloride–Dioxane–Water

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (22) ◽  
pp. 3769-3772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan N. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Indium Chloride ◽  
Indium Hydroxide ◽  
Heats Of Solution ◽  
Heats Of Mixing ◽  
Chloride Water ◽  
Solubility Products

The following properties have been investigated: conductance in water and in water–dioxane, the solubility products of indium hydroxide and of indium iodate, e.m.f.'s of the cell: In(s)/InCl3(m)/sat. KCl/Hg2Cl2 in sat. KCl/Hg and resulting activity coefficients, heats of solution of indium trichloride in water, water–dioxane, and pure dioxane, freezing point diagram of dioxane–water, heats of mixing of dioxane–water, heats of mixing of indium chloride–water with dioxane–water, change in volume on mixing of water–dioxane, and of water–indium chloride with water–dioxane.

scholarly journals Plastic waste to fuels by hydrocracking at mild conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (17) ◽  
pp. eabf8283
Author(s):  
Sibao Liu ◽  
Pavel A. Kots ◽  
Brandon C. Vance ◽  
Andrew Danielson ◽  
Dionisios G. Vlachos
Keyword(s):  
Direct Method ◽  
Acid Sites ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Tandem Catalysis ◽  
Hy Zeolite ◽  
Environmental Threat ◽  
Single Use ◽  
Initial Activation ◽  
A Direct Method

Single-use plastics impose an enormous environmental threat, but their recycling, especially of polyolefins, has been proven challenging. We report a direct method to selectively convert polyolefins to branched, liquid fuels including diesel, jet, and gasoline-range hydrocarbons, with high yield up to 85% over Pt/WO3/ZrO2 and HY zeolite in hydrogen at temperatures as low as 225°C. The process proceeds via tandem catalysis with initial activation of the polymer primarily over Pt, with subsequent cracking over the acid sites of WO3/ZrO2 and HY zeolite, isomerization over WO3/ZrO2 sites, and hydrogenation of olefin intermediates over Pt. The process can be tuned to convert different common plastic wastes, including low- and high-density polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, everyday polyethylene bottles and bags, and composite plastics to desirable fuels and light lubricants.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document