Isobutane from acid-catalyzed dehydration of butanols

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (22) ◽  
pp. 3545-3548 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Warkentin ◽  
Kenneth E. Hine
Keyword(s):  
Acid Solution ◽  
Hydride Transfer ◽  
Strong Acid ◽  
Isomeric Butanols ◽  
Carbonium Ions ◽  
Acid Catalyzed

Dehydration of the four isomeric butanols by strong acid at about 160° gives a C4-fraction containing isobutane as well as the isomeric butenes. Isobutane probably arises by hydride transfer, from one or more donors including the substrate alcohol and hydrocarbons formed from it in the medium, to one or more carbonium ions including the t-butyl cation. Materials which react with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent to form 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones can be swept out of the hot acid solution with a stream of nitrogen.

Stable carbonium ions. XXXI. p-Anisonium and methylphenonium ion-formation via aryl participation in strong acid solution

1967 ◽  
Vol 89 (20) ◽  
pp. 5259-5265 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A. Olah ◽  
Melvin B. Comisarow ◽  
Eli. Namanworth ◽  
Brian G. Ramsey
Keyword(s):  
Acid Solution ◽  
Strong Acid ◽  
Ion Formation ◽  
Carbonium Ions ◽  
Aryl Participation

Synthesis of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene-5-carboxylic acid and related compounds. 1,5-Hydride transfer to inductively destabilized carbonium ions

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (23) ◽  
pp. 3665-3670 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Horning ◽  
J. M. Muchowski
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Carbonyl Group ◽  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Hydride Transfer ◽  
Large Magnitude ◽  
Carbonium Ion ◽  
Carbonium Ions ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Related Compounds

The synthesis of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene-5-carboxylic acid (2) and several derivatives of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene-5-carboxylic acid (1; a–c) from 5-hydroxy-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene-5-carboxylic acid and derivatives thereof (3; a–c) is described.The p-toluenesulfonic acid-catalyzed elimination of water (at 110.6° in toluene) from the deuterated hydroxy ester (3b; C-10, 11 d2) resulted in the incorporation of deuterium at C-5 of the olefinic ester 1b with a KH/KD of 2.76. The large magnitude of this isotope effect indicated that the reaction proceeded via a rate-determining transannular 1,5-hydride transfer from one of the benzylic positions of 3b to the carbonium ion generated alpha to the methoxy-carbonyl group.

Acid Catalyzed Rearrangements of Structurally Constrained Tricarbonyl(trans-pentadienyl)iron Cations

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (11) ◽  
pp. 2085-2097 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Jablonski ◽  
T. S. Sorensen
Keyword(s):  
Positive Charge ◽  
Strong Acid ◽  
Order Process ◽  
Iron Cation ◽  
Acid Media ◽  
First Order ◽  
Bond Rotation ◽  
Carbonium Ions ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Secondary Ion

Both the tricarbonyl(1,4-dimethylene-cis, cis, trans, cis-hexa-1,3-dienyl)iron (secondary) and the tricarbonyl(1,4-dimethylene-5-methyl-cis, cis, trans-hexa-1,3-dienyl)iron (tertiary) cations, which cannot convert to a 5h-cis pentadienyl system via a simple bond rotation, can be prepared at low temperature in strong acid media from their related alcohol complexes. The secondary as well as the tertiary ions rearrange to give the thermodynamically more stable tricarbonyl-(1-alkylcyclohexa-1,3-dienyl)iron cation via an acid catalyzed pseudo first order process. The rate of rearrangement of the secondary ion is much faster than that of the tertiary ion indicating a substantial amount of residual positive charge on the exocyclic (β) carbon in the complexed trans-pentadienyl carbonium ions.

Strong acid-catalyzed electrophilic ring expansion of oxetanes and sulfoxonium ylides

2021 ◽  
Vol 510 ◽  
pp. 111687
Author(s):  
Wenhao Yuan ◽  
Wenlai Xie ◽  
Jiaxi Xu
Keyword(s):  
Strong Acid ◽  
Ring Expansion ◽  
Acid Catalyzed

scholarly journals Resíduo de mármore como atenuador de efluente ácido

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
Mirna Aparecida Neves ◽  
Simone Pereira Taguchi ◽  
Douglas Rosa da Silva ◽  
Fabrício Thiengo Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Acid Solution ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Strong Acid ◽  
Magnesium Carbonate ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Dimension Stone ◽  
Environmental Legislation ◽  
Liquid Phases ◽  
Stone Industry ◽  
Marble Waste

Dimension stones are worldwide used as building and finishing material, reason why the environmental problems inherent to this productive sector became relevant in various countries. One of these problems is the production of large amounts of wastes during the sawing of rocky blocks and polishing of plates. The waste generated by cutting marble with diamond wire consists of fine particles of calcium and magnesium carbonate dispersed in water. This mud has basic character, and it is destined to drying beds or open pit deposits. In parallel, many production processes generate hazardous acidic effluents, which disposal is a serious and global problem. The pH of these solutions must be neutralized or, at least, raised to levels that are considered safe by environmental regulations. In this work, a strong acid solution was treated with varying amounts of marble waste coming from the dimension stone industry. The treatment generated secondary solid and liquid phases that were analyzed to determine the feasibility of their disposal in landfills. The waste raised the pH of the acid solution from near 1.0 to values between 5.0 and 6.0, which are acceptable levels for non-dangerous effluents. Besides that, loss of up to 50% in mass occurred, diminishing the amount of the primary solid waste. By the other hand, the levels of total dissolved solids (TDS), Cu, chlorides and nitrates on the liquid phase of the effluent remained higher than that allowed by environmental legislation for discharge into water bodies. Nevertheless, their characteristics correspond to non-hazardous and non-inert wastes, which, after dried, can be discarded in ordinary waste landfills.

scholarly journals Kinetic determination of As(III) in solution

2003 ◽  
Vol 68 (10) ◽  
pp. 765-769
Author(s):  
Sofija Rancic ◽  
Rangel Igov ◽  
Todor Pecev
Keyword(s):  
Acid Solution ◽  
Relative Error ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Kinetic Method ◽  
Kinetic Equations ◽  
Strong Acid ◽  
Kinetic Determination

A new reaction is suggested and a new kinetic method is elaborated for the As(HI) traces determination in solution, on the basis of their catalyzing effect on komplexon III (EDTA) oxidation by KMnO4 in a strong acid solution (H2SO4). Using a spectrophotometric technique, a sensitivity of 72 ng/cm3 As(IIl) was achieved. The relative error of method varies from 5.5 to 13.9 % for As(HT) concentration range from 83 to 140 ng/cm-1. Appropriate kinetic equations are formulated and the influence of some other ions, including the As(V), upon the reaction rate is tested.

THE CHEMISTRY OF ETHYLENE OXIDE: V. THE REACTION OF ETHYLENE OXIDE WITH HALIDE IONS IN NEUTRAL AND ACID SOLUTION

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Eastham ◽  
G. A. Latremouille
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Acid Solution ◽  
Activation Energies ◽  
Hydrogen Halide ◽  
Halide Ions ◽  
Neutral Aqueous Solution ◽  
Rate Of Hydrolysis ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The rates of reaction of halide ions with ethylene oxide in neutral aqueous solution and the rate of hydrolysis of ethylene oxide in acid solution have been measured and the activation energies determined. From these data and from the ratio of glycol to chlorohydrin formed when ethylene oxide reacts with excess aqueous hydrogen halide, the rates of the acid-catalyzed addition of halide ions to ethylene oxide at 25 °C. have been estimated.

The Acid-catalyzed Oxidoreduction of Spiroketals. Evidence for Seteroelectronic Control in Hydride Transfer to Cyclic Oxenium lons

Heterocycles ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Deslongchamps ◽  
Daryl D.Rowan ◽  
Normand Pothier
Keyword(s):  
Hydride Transfer ◽  
Acid Catalyzed
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