ISOTOPE EFFECT STUDIES ON ELIMINATION REACTIONS: V. THE MECHANISM OF THE CARBONYL ELIMINATION REACTION OF 9-FLUORENYL NITRATE WITH ACETATE ION

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (21) ◽  
pp. 2553-2561 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Smith ◽  
A. N. Bourns
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Nitrogen Isotope ◽  
Deuterium Exchange ◽  
Anhydrous Ethanol ◽  
Elimination Reaction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effects ◽  
Intermediate Mechanism

The carbonyl elimination reaction (ECO2) of 9-fluorenyl nitrate with acetate ion in anhydrous ethanol was found to be second order and to give at 30° primary nitrogen-15 and deuterium isotope effects of 1.0091 ± 0.0007 and 4.3 ± 0.2, respectively. The ester showed no deuterium exchange with solvent under the reaction conditions. A change in solvent to 85 volume % ethanol–water increased the nitrogen isotope effect to 1.0131 ± 0.0007 without changing the deuterium effect. These results exclude any form of two-stage carbanion intermediate mechanism, but are in accord with a concerted process.

THE MECHANISM OF THE CARBONYL ELIMINATION REACTION OF BENZYL NITRATE KINETIC ISOTOPE EFFECTS AND DEUTERIUM EXCHANGE

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 2457-2466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erwin Buncel ◽  
A. N. Bourns
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Nitrogen Isotope ◽  
Kinetic Isotope Effects ◽  
Deuterium Exchange ◽  
Elimination Reaction ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effect ◽  
Nitrite Ion ◽  
Kinetic Isotope ◽  
Reaction Constant

The carbonyl elimination reaction (ECO2) of benzyl nitrate has been investigated with the object of distinguishing between the concerted and carbanion mechanisms. A deuterium exchange experiment resulted in a very small amount of deuterium pickup. The nitrogen isotope effect, k14/k15, associated with formation of the nitrite ion was found to be 1.0196 ± 0.0007 at 30 °C. The two results taken together exclude the formation of a carbanion intermediate but are consistent with a concerted mechanism.Benzyl-α-d2 nitrate has been prepared and the rate of its carbonyl elimination reaction compared with that of the undeuterated compound. The deuterium isotope effect was 5.04 ± 0.25 at 60 °C. The significance of the magnitude of the nitrogen and deuterium isotope effects and of their interrelationship with the Hammett reaction constant rho is discussed in terms of the nature of the transition state and a comparison is made with other E2 elimination reactions.

A Primary Hydrogen-Deuterium Isotope Effect Study on the Carbonyl Elimination Reaction of 9-Fluorenyl Nitrate with Various Bases

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter James Smith ◽  
Lorraine Marion Noble
Keyword(s):  
Transition State ◽  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Effect Study ◽  
Elimination Reaction ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effect ◽  
Nitrogen Bases ◽  
Transition State Geometry ◽  
Hydrogen Deuterium ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effects

The carbonyl elimination reaction of 9-fluorenyl nitrate with various nitrogen bases in anhydrous ethanol at 0 °C was examined. In all cases fluorenone was formed in 100% yield indicating that there was not any substitution. A reasonable Brønsted plot was obtained for reaction promoted by structurally similar bases with β = 0.84 which suggests a product-like transition state. As well, deviations from the Brønsted plot are discussed. Primary hydrogen-deuterium isotope effects were measured for reaction promoted by 11 different amine bases. A reasonable correlation was obtained for structurally similar bases when a plot of kH/kDvs. pKa was made. The conclusion is reached that when kH/kD reaches a maximum, ∼9.2 at 0 °C, it remains unchanged and hence is a poor measure of transition state geometry. As well, very poor correlations are found when the abstracting base is tertiary which leads to the conclusion that a comparison of kH/kD values is not warranted for structurally different bases.

Isotope Effect Studies on Elimination Reactions. X. The Nature of The Transition State for the ECO2 Reaction of Para- substituted Benzyl Nitrates with Base in 90% by Volume Ethanol–Water

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 1319-1326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter James Smith ◽  
Carol Audrey Pollock ◽  
Arthur Newcombe Bourns
Keyword(s):  
Transition State ◽  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Nitrogen Isotope ◽  
Kinetic Isotope Effects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theoretical Treatment ◽  
Kinetic Isotope ◽  
Hydrogen Deuterium ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effects

Kinetic isotope effects have been determined for the Eco2 reaction of para-substituted benzyl nitrates with ethoxide in 90 vol.% ethanol–water at 20°. The nitrogen isotope effect, (k14/k15−1)100 decreased with increasing electron-withdrawing ability of the para-substituent; i.e. 2.26, 1.95, 1.60, and 0.84 for p-CH3, p-H, p-CF3, and p-NO2, respectively. Furthermore, the primary hydrogen–deuterium isotope effects increased also for electron-withdrawing substituents; i.e. kH/kD = 5.78, 6.06, 6.40, 6.67, and 7.05 for p-CH3, p-H, p-Br, p-CF3, and p-NO2, respectively. The results are discussed in terms of a recent theoretical treatment dealing with the effect of substituents on the nature of the transition state for a concerted E2 process. The conclusion is reached that any structural change which causes one bond (carbon–hydrogen) to be weakened more at the transition state will have a corresponding effect on the other bond (oxygen–nitrogen).

ISOTOPE EFFECT STUDIES ON ELIMINATION REACTIONS: III. NITROGEN ISOTOPE EFFECTS IN THE E2 REACTION OF ETHYLTRIMETHYL-AMMONIUM AND 2-PHENYLETHYLTRIMETHYLAMMONIUM IONS

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 1759-1767 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ayrey ◽  
A. N. Bourns ◽  
V. A. Vyas
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Transition States ◽  
Nitrogen Isotope ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Salts ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Relative Extent ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effects ◽  
Elimination Reactions

Nitrogen isotope effects have been determined for the E2 reaction of two quaternary ammonium salts with ethoxide ion in ethanol. Ethyltrimethylammonium iodide gave k14/k15 values of 1.017 at 60° and 1.015 at 95°, while 2-phenylethyltrimethylammonium bromide gave 1.012 at 40° and 1.009 at 60°. These results and the β-deuterium isotope effects reported by others have been interpreted in terms of the relative extent of Cα—N+ and Cβ—H bond weakening in the transition states of the two reactions.

Isotope effect studies on elimination reactions. VI. The mechanism of the bimolecular elimination reaction of 2-arylethylammonium ions

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Smith ◽  
A. N. Bourns
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Kinetic Isotope Effect ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Nitrogen Isotope ◽  
Reaction Pathways ◽  
Elimination Reaction ◽  
Tracer Studies ◽  
Kinetic Isotope ◽  
Probable Reaction ◽  
Zwitterionic Intermediate

The mechanism of the elimination reaction of 2-arylethyltrimethylammonium ions with ethoxide ion in ethanol has been examined using tracer and kinetic isotope effect techniques. Absence of exchange with solvent of both 2-phenylethyltrimethylammonium-2,2-d2 bromide and 2-(p-trifluoromethylphenyl)-ethyltrimethylammonium-2,2-d2 bromide and the observation of nitrogen isotope effects of 1.3 and 0.9%, respectively, have eliminated a two-step process involving a freely-solvated carbanion intermediate for both salts. The observation of only a slight change in the magnitude of the nitrogen isotope effect when the solvent is changed from ethanol to water has also excluded a zwitterionic intermediate which is specifically hydrogen-bonded to the molecule of ethanol formed by removal of a β-hydrogen by ethoxide ion. Finally, tracer studies using α- and β-dideuterated substrates have eliminated the less probable reaction pathways involving ylide and carbene intermediates. It is concluded that the reaction of 2-arylethyltrimethylammonium salts with ethoxide ion is a concerted E2 process.

scholarly journals Nitrogen isotope effects can be used to diagnose N transformations in wastewater anammox systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Magyar ◽  
Damian Hausherr ◽  
Robert Niederdorfer ◽  
Nicolas Stöcklin ◽  
Jing Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Nitrogen Isotope ◽  
Anammox Bacteria ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
N Transformations ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Inverse Isotope Effect

AbstractAnaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) plays an important role in aquatic systems as a sink of bioavailable nitrogen (N), and in engineered processes by removing ammonium from wastewater. The isotope effects anammox imparts in the N isotope signatures (15N/14N) of ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate can be used to estimate its role in environmental settings, to describe physiological and ecological variations in the anammox process, and possibly to optimize anammox-based wastewater treatment. We measured the stable N-isotope composition of ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate in wastewater cultivations of anammox bacteria. We find that the N isotope enrichment factor 15ε for the reduction of nitrite to N2 is consistent across all experimental conditions (13.5‰ ± 3.7‰), suggesting it reflects the composition of the anammox bacteria community. Values of 15ε for the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate (inverse isotope effect, − 16 to − 43‰) and for the reduction of ammonium to N2 (normal isotope effect, 19–32‰) are more variable, and likely controlled by experimental conditions. We argue that the variations in the isotope effects can be tied to the metabolism and physiology of anammox bacteria, and that the broad range of isotope effects observed for anammox introduces complications for analyzing N-isotope mass balances in natural systems.

2,4-Diazapentadienes. II. A Carbanion Cyclization

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 678-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Hunter ◽  
S. K. Sim
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Solvent Effects ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Substituent Effects ◽  
Deuterium Exchange ◽  
Hydrogen Deuterium Exchange ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effect ◽  
Potassium Methoxide ◽  
Proton Shift ◽  
Hydrogen Deuterium

The mechanism of the cyclization and 1,3-proton shift of 1,3,5-triaryl-2,4-diaza-1,3-pentadienes (1) catalyzed by phenyllithium and by potassium methoxide–methanol has been studied. On the basis of substituent effects, hydrogen–deuterium exchange, isotope effects, and solvent effects, it was deduced that both the cyclization and prototropy involve a common W-shaped carbanion which rapidly cyclizes. A kinetic deuterium isotope effect of 2 was calculated for protonation of this intermediate carbanion in methanol.

SOME DEUTERIUM KINETIC ISOTOPE EFFECTS: IV. β-DEUTERIUM EFFECTS IN WATER SOLVOLYSIS OF ETHYL, ISOPROPYL, AND tert-BUTYL COMPOUNDS

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 2171-2177 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. T. Leffek ◽  
J. A. Llewellyn ◽  
R. E. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Kinetic Isotope Effect ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Kinetic Isotope Effects ◽  
Alkyl Halides ◽  
Tert Butyl ◽  
Kinetic Isotope ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effects ◽  
Intramolecular Forces

The secondary β-deuterium isotope effects have been measured in the water solvolytic reaction of alkyl halides and sulphonates for primary, secondary, and tertiary species. In every case the kinetic isotope effect was greater than unity (kH/kD > 1). This isotope effect may be associated with varying degrees of hyperconjugation or altered non-bonding intramolecular forces. The experiments make it difficult to decide which effect is most important.

Isotope Effect Studies on Elimination Reactions. XI. The Nature of the Transition State for the E2 Reaction of 2-Phenylethyldimethylanilinium Salts Containing Substituents in the Aniline Ring with Sodium Ethoxide in Ethanol

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (23) ◽  
pp. 3513-3525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Schmid ◽  
Arthur Newcombe Bourns
Keyword(s):  
Transition State ◽  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Sodium Ethoxide ◽  
Nitrogen Isotope ◽  
Structural Variations ◽  
Hydrogen Deuterium ◽  
Elimination Reactions ◽  
Pass Through

Kinetic isotope effects have been determined for the E2 reactions of a series of 2-phenylethyldimethylanilinium salts containing substituents in the aniline ring with sodium ethoxide in ethanol at 40 °C. The nitrogen isotope effect, (k14/k15−1)100, is not very sensitive to substituent changes but appears to increase slightly with increasing electron-withdrawing ability of the substituents, i.e., 1.19 ± 0.07, 1.13 ± 0.06, 1.12 ± 0.08, 1.30 ± 0.07, and 1.32 ± 0.06 for p-OCH3, p-CH3, p-H, p-Cl, and, m-CF3, respectively. The hydrogen–deuterium isotope effects pass through a minimum in the region of the unsubstituted compound and increase both with increasing electron-donating as well as with electron-withdrawing power of the substituents, i.e. kH/kD = 4.70 ± 0.06, 4.61 ± 0.04, 4.51 ± 0.04, 4.53 ± 0.09, 5.00 ± 0.07, and 5.39 ± 0.07 for p-OCH3, p-CH3, p-H, p-Cl, m-CF3, and p-CF3, respectively. The results are discussed in terms of recent theoretical treatments of the effect of structural variations in the reactants on the nature of the transition state of E2 elimination reactions. The conclusion is reached that the transition states in the present reaction series can be characterized as 'central with slight carbanion character' and that the effect of a change in the ability of the leaving group on the structure of the transition state manifests itself mainly in the direction perpendicular to the reaction coordinate. A simple novel hypothesis is formulated which emphasizes the importance of the location of the transition state in a More O'Ferrall-type potential energy diagram in determining its sensitivity to structural changes in the reactants.

The photodissociation of ammonia in the absorption system. Part I. Deuterium isotope effects in the photodissociation

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 1380-1386 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Koda ◽  
R. A. Back
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Atom ◽  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Quantum Yields ◽  
Absorption System ◽  
System Part ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effects

The photolyses of mixtures of NH3, NH2D, NHD2, and ND3 have been studied at wave lengths of 2144, 2139, 2062, and 1850 Å in the presence of C3H8 as a hydrogen atom scavenger. Quantum yields of dissociation have the same values for all four species, presumably unity. Analysis of the H2 and HD produced permitted evaluation of intramolecular deuterium isotope effects in the photodissociation of NH2D and ND2H. At the two shortest wavelengths dissociation of H was favored by a factor of 2 or 3, while at 2144 and 2139 Å the isotope effect was much larger. Implications for the mechanism of the predissociation of the Ã-state of ammonia are discussed briefly. The system does not appear to be useful for the photochemical separation of deuterium.

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