THE ENERGY OF HYDROGEN BONDING IN THE SYSTEM: ACETONE–BROMOFORM

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 917-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Campbell ◽  
E. M. Kartzmark
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Dipole Moments ◽  
Excess Entropy ◽  
Excess Free Energy ◽  
Eutectic Type ◽  
Vapor Pressures ◽  
Phase Compound ◽  
Volumes Of Mixing

A study of the equilibrium freezing-point diagram for the system acetone–bromoform shows that no solid-phase compound forms between acetone and bromoform. The diagram is of the simple eutectic type, the eutectic lying at −101° and 84 mole % acetone. The enthalpies of mixing have been determined for various compositions of mixture and the numerical value of ΔH (per mole of acetone or bromoform) extrapolated to infinite excess of bromoform or of acetone, to obtain the value for completely undissociated complex. This figure is −1.3 kcal per mole of complex (assumed mole to mole). The dipole moments, excess volumes of mixing, viscosities, and total and partial vapor pressures of the system have been measured. From these data, the excess free energy and excess entropy and other thermodynamic functions have been evaluated.

Heats of mixing. II. Acetonitrile and nitromethane systems

1956 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 180 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Brown ◽  
W Fock
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Composition Range ◽  
Excess Entropy ◽  
Excess Free Energy ◽  
Energy Data ◽  
Entropy Of Mixing ◽  
Heats Of Mixing

The heats of mixing at 45.00 �C have been measured at intervals over the whole composition range for the systems : acetonitrile+carbon tetrachloride, acetonitrile+benzene, acetonitrile +nitromethane, nitromethane + carbon tetrachloride, and nitromethane+benzene. These data, together with the excess free energy data of Brown and Smith (1954, 1955a, 1955b), have been used to calculate the excess entropy of mixing for these systems.

The rubidium chloride – sodium chloride phase diagram

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (22) ◽  
pp. 3483-3486 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Pelton ◽  
S. N. Flengas
Keyword(s):  
Phase Diagram ◽  
Free Energy ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Excess Entropy ◽  
Excess Free Energy ◽  
Thermochemical Data ◽  
Cooling Curves ◽  
Molar Excess ◽  
Energy Of Mixing ◽  
Free Energy Of Mixing

The phase diagram of the RbCl–NaCl system has been measured by the method of cooling curves. By combining these data with available thermochemical data for the system, the integral molar excess free energy of mixing at 800 °C has been calculated as ΔGE = −632XRbClXNaCl cal/mole; and the integral molar excess entropy of mixing has been calculated as ΔSE = −0.208XRbClXNaCl cal/°K mole. Estimated precisions are ±50 cal for ΔGE and ±0.05 cal/°K mole for ΔSE at XRbCl = XNaCl = 0.5.

Crystal–Melt Interfaces and Solidification Morphologies in Metals and Alloys

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 935-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. Hoyt ◽  
M. Asta ◽  
T. Haxhimali ◽  
A. Karma ◽  
R.E. Napolitano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Excess Free Energy ◽  
Interfacial Free Energy ◽  
Branching Structures ◽  
Quantitative Understanding ◽  
Fluctuation Method ◽  
Comparison Of The Results ◽  
Experimental Challenge

AbstractWhen liquids solidify, the interface between a crystal and its melt often forms branching structures (dendrites), just as frost spreads across a window. The development of a quantitative understanding of dendritic evolution continues to present a major theoretical and experimental challenge within the metallurgical community. This article looks at key parameters that describe the interface—excess free energy and mobility—and discusses how these important properties relate to our understanding of crystal growth and other interfacial phenomena such as wetting and spreading of droplets and nucleation of the solid phase from the melt. In particular, two new simulation methods have emerged for computing the interfacial free energy and its anisotropy:the cleaving technique and the capillary fluctuation method. These are presented, along with methods for extracting the kinetic coefficient and a comparison of the results to several theories of crystal growth rates.

Thermodynamic properties of alcohol solutions. II. Ethanol and isopropanol systems

1956 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 364 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Brown ◽  
W Fock ◽  
F Smith
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Free Energy ◽  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Excess Entropy ◽  
Excess Free Energy ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Entropy Of Mixing ◽  
Heats Of Mixing ◽  
Equilibrium Data

New experimental data are given for the heats of mixing of the systems ethanol+toluene at 35 �C, ethanol+methylcyclohexane at 35 �C, and iso-propanol+benzene at 45 �C and for the liquid-vapour equilibrium data for the latter system at 45 �C. These data have been used together with previously published data to calculate the excess free energy, heat and excess entropy of mixing at even mole fractions for the above systems. These functions have also been calculated from published data for the systems ethanol+benzene at 45 �C and ethanol+2,2,4-trimethylpentane at 25 �C.

EXCESS VOLUMES, VAPOR PRESSURES, AND RELATED THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF THE SYSTEM ACETONE–CHLOROFORM–BENZENE, AND ITS COMPONENT BINARY SYSTEMS

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 1183-1189 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Campbell ◽  
E. M. Kartzmark ◽  
R. M. Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Binary Systems ◽  
Excess Entropy ◽  
Excess Free Energy ◽  
Heat Of Mixing ◽  
Vapor Pressures ◽  
Free Energies ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Heats Of Mixing ◽  
Energy Of Mixing ◽  
Free Energy Of Mixing

The volume changes on mixing of the three binary mixtures, acetone–chloroform, benzene–chloroform, acetone–benzene, and the ternary mixture, acetone–chloroform–benzene, and their molar refractivities and viscosities, were determined.Determinations of total and partial vapor pressures were made. The systems acetone–chloroform and benzene–chloroform show negative deviations from Raoult's law. The system acetone–benzene shows positive deviations.The excess Gibbs free energies of mixing have been calculated for all systems. By combining these data with previously measured heats of mixing (1), the excess entropy has also been calculated. The curves representing zero excess volume, zero heat of mixing, zero excess free energy of mixing, and zero excess viscosity as functions of composition in the ternary system do not coincide. It, therefore, must be concluded that they result from compensating effects and do not represent ideality.

scholarly journals Prandtl Number in Classical Hard-Sphere and One-Component Plasma Fluids

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 821
Author(s):  
Sergey Khrapak ◽  
Alexey Khrapak
Keyword(s):  
Prandtl Number ◽  
Hard Sphere ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Order Unity ◽  
Strongly Coupled ◽  
Dielectric Fluids ◽  
Weakly Coupled ◽  
Component Plasma

The Prandtl number is evaluated for the three-dimensional hard-sphere and one-component plasma fluids, from the dilute weakly coupled regime up to a dense strongly coupled regime near the fluid-solid phase transition. In both cases, numerical values of order unity are obtained. The Prandtl number increases on approaching the freezing point, where it reaches a quasi-universal value for simple dielectric fluids of about ≃1.7. Relations to two-dimensional fluids are briefly discussed.

Characterization of Textured Aluminum Lines and Modelling of Stress Voiding

1994 ◽  
Vol 343 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.C. Wardle ◽  
B.L. Adams ◽  
C.S. Nichols ◽  
D.A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Excess Free Energy ◽  
Mean Field ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Polycrystalline Structure ◽  
Field Approach ◽  
Bamboo Structure ◽  
Automated Technique ◽  
Theory And Modeling

ABSTRACTIt is well known from studies of individual interfaces that grain boundaries exhibit a spectrum of properties because their structure is misorientation dependent. Usually this variability is neglected and properties are modeled using a mean field approach. The limitations inherent in this approach can be overcome, in principle, using a combination of experimental techniques, theory and modeling. The bamboo structure of an interconnect is a particularly simple polycrystalline structure that can now be readily characterized experimentally and modeled in the computer. The grain misorientations in a [111] textured aluminum line have been measured using the new automated technique of orientational imaging microscopy. By relating boundary angle to diffusivity the expected stress voiding failure processes can be predicted through the link between misorientation angle, grain boundary excess free energy and diffusivity. Consequently it can be shown that the high energy boundaries are the favored failure sites thermodynamically and kinetically.

Higher Order Conditional Probabilities and Thermodynamics of Binary Molten Alloys

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (02n03) ◽  
pp. 93-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Akinlade
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Cluster Model ◽  
Excess Free Energy ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Thermodynamic Quantities ◽  
Equiatomic Composition ◽  
Conditional Probabilities ◽  
Energy Of Mixing ◽  
Free Energy Of Mixing

The recently introduced four atom cluster model is used to obtain higher order conditional probabilities that describe the atomic correlations in some molten binary alloys. Although the excess free energy of mixing for all the systems studied are almost symmetrical about the equiatomic composition, most other thermodynamic quantities are not and thus, the study enables us to explain the subtle differences in their physical characteristics required to describe the mechanism of the observed strong heterocoordination in Au–Zn or homocoordination in Cu–Ni within the same framework. More importantly, we obtain all calculated quantities for the whole concentration range thus complimenting experimental evidence.

Analysis of Physical Structure and Chemical Composition of Oil-Water Transition Layer in Oil Gathering and Transportation System

2013 ◽  
Vol 652-654 ◽  
pp. 2566-2569
Author(s):  
Dan Dan Yuan ◽  
Hong Jun Wu ◽  
Hai Xia Sheng ◽  
Bao Hui Wang ◽  
Xin Sui
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Transition Layer ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Oil Water

he existence of oil-water transition layer brings a great trouble to the dehydration of oil gathering and transportation system. It leads to raising the electric current of dehydrator and becoming worse of the deoiling and dehydrating properties of the treatment equipment, resulting in the serious influences on oil recovery. For the efficient treatment of the transition layer, it is necessary clearly to understand the structure and composition of the layer. In this paper, the physical structure and chemical composition of the layer were systematically, layer by layer and phase by phase, analyzed by modern instrumental methods The results show that (1）the layer is an emulsion which is composed of oil, water and suspended solids. The water phase has characteristics of weak alkaline，high salinity and viscous polymer. The oil phase contains many natural emulsifiers such as colloid, asphaltene and so on. The solid phase mainly concludes FeS particle which plays a decisive role in suspended solids; (2) the typical transition layer is composed of water and oil which accounts for above 90%, the content of solid impurity, which controls the emulsion of the layer, is less than 10%. Compared with oil phase, the water content of typical transition layer is larger with the density of 0.9~1.0 g/L and high freezing point. The analytical data can be adopted for the treatment of oil-water transition layer and smoothly run operations for oil gathering and transportation.

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