THE RADIOLYSIS OF ALKALINE AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS CONTAINING HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 737-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Radical Reactions ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Oh Radicals ◽  
Neutral Solution ◽  
A Value ◽  
Rate Of Reaction ◽  
Γ Rays ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
The Relationship

The initial yields of H2O2 in aerated water, [Formula: see text] and in water containing H2 and O2, [Formula: see text] have been measured for alkaline solutions irradiated with 60Co γ-rays. [Formula: see text] decreases with increasing pH from a value of 1.22 in neutral solution to 0.63 in solutions of pH 13.92 and the relationship[Formula: see text]is valid over the pH range 7 to 14.[Formula: see text] decreases from 3.30 in neutral solution to a minimum of 2.00 at pH 11.35 and then increases to 2.65 at pH 13.92. The equation[Formula: see text]which is applicable for neutral solutions, is not valid for basic solutions.A reaction mechanism in accordance with the observed results and the literature values of the rate constants of likely radical reactions has been developed. It is assumed that in the alkaline solutions investigated OH radicals react with OH− ions to form O− radicals which react preferentially with O2 to form O3− radicals which then react either with H2 or H2O2. The increase in [Formula: see text] at PH > 12 is attributed to a difference in the rate of reaction of O3− with H2O2 and HO2−, k(O3− + H2O2)/k(O3− + HO2−) = 2.45.

scholarly journals Parameterisation and impact of aerosol uptake of HO<sub>2</sub> on a global tropospheric model

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 10965-10974 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Macintyre ◽  
M. J. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Global Sensitivity ◽  
A Value ◽  
Rate Of Reaction ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Atmospheric Trace Gas ◽  
Global Mean

Abstract. HO2 is an important atmospheric trace gas, whose sink to aerosol is poorly understood yet significant. Previous parameterisations of the rate of uptake have been limited by the lack of laboratory studies. This paper creates a parameterisation for γHO2 based on the available laboratory studies. The calculated global mean γHO2 is 0.028, significantly lower than previous work (0.2). Modelled concentrations of HO2 show significant regional sensitivity to the value of γHO2 (up to +106% at the surface with the parameterisation of γHO2 in this work as compared with a value of 0.2), but global sensitivity is small (+3.2%). The modelled response in O3 is also highly regional, being up to +27% at the surface over China, and only +0.3% globally (with the parameterisation of γHO2 in this work as compared with a value of 0.2). The impact of γHO2 on sulfate is more complex, with up to +16% over China and −5% over high latitudes, resulting in a global change of +1.2% (with the parameterisation of γHO2 in this work as compared with a value of 0.2). Uncertainty in the reaction mechanism and hence products (previously assumed to be H2O2) impacts the processing of sulfur and hence aerosol loads. Further laboratory studies are desirable to constrain the rate of reaction and to elucidate the reaction mechanism and products.

scholarly journals Parameterisation and impact of aerosol uptake of HO<sub>2</sub> on a global tropospheric model

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 16311-16334 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Macintyre ◽  
M. J. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Global Sensitivity ◽  
A Value ◽  
Rate Of Reaction ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Atmospheric Trace Gas ◽  
Global Mean

Abstract. HO2 is an important atmospheric trace gas, whose sink to aerosol is poorly understood yet significant. Previous parameterisations of the rate of uptake have been limited by the lack of laboratory studies. This paper creates a parameterisation for γHO2 based on the available laboratory studies. The calculated global mean γHO2 is 0.028, significantly lower than previous work (0.2). Modelled concentrations of HO2 show significant regional sensitivity to the value of γHO2 (up to +106 % at the surface with the parameterisation of γHO2 in this work as compared with a value of 0.2), but global sensitivity is small (+3.2 %). The modelled response in O3 is also highly regional, being up to +27 % at the surface over China, and only +0.3 % globally (with the parameterisation of γHO2 in this work as compared with a value of 0.2). The impact of γHO2 on sulfate is more complex, with up to +16 % over China and −5 % over high latitudes, resulting in a global change of +1.2 % (with the parameterisation of γHO2 in this work as compared with a value of 0.2). Uncertainty in the reaction mechanism and hence products (previously assumed to be H2O2) impacts the processing of sulfur and hence aerosol loads. Further laboratory studies are desirable to constrain the rate of reaction and to elucidate the reaction mechanism and products.

Relation Between Metacognitive Ability with Science Process Skills on Grade 8th Students in MTs Negeri 3 Parigi

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
Moch. Munir ◽  
Amiruddin Kade ◽  
Muslimin Muslimin
Keyword(s):  
Research Result ◽  
Reverse Direction ◽  
Process Skills ◽  
Science Process Skills ◽  
A Value ◽  
Regression Test ◽  
Feasibility Test ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Academic Year

This study aims to determine the relations between metacognitive to science process skills on grade VIII students MTs Negeri 3 Parigi. This research is descriptive, the approach used is a quantitative approach, manifested in the form of numbers analyzed by statistics and the results are described. The population is students of MTs Negeri 3 Parigi Academic Year 2017-2018 with a population of three classes, with a sample of 30 students. The instrument used is a metacognitive questionnaire consisting of 50 questions and an essay about science process skills 6 questions test. The result of the prerequisite test of the research result is all metacognitive indicators of normal and linear distributed and based on the regression feasibility test show that all data is feasible for regression test. The result of the regression test and test of determination to obtain a value which is not significant. Based on the results of the research analysis it can be concluded that the relationship of each metacognitive indicator to science process skills was not significant even there were metacognitive indicators that reverse direction significantly. The magnitude of the relationship of each metacognitive indicator with science process skills maximum 15.3%.  

scholarly journals Assigning a Value to Volunteering in Requests for Proposals

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 215824402110095
Author(s):  
Jakub Dostál
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
A Value ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Volunteer Time

The economic value of volunteering is an increasingly important part of volunteering management. It has become part of public policies. Some requests for proposals (RFP) enable nonprofits to include the value of volunteer time in compulsory co-financing. These RFP include the European Economic Area (EEA) Grants and Norway Grants. This article addresses the relationship in the value of volunteering, also called in-kind volunteering contributions. The research includes two case studies of finances from EEA and Norway Grants in the Czech Republic: the Czech NGO Programme, responsible for allocating grants between 2009 and 2014, and the Active Citizens Fund, responsible for allocating grants between 2014 and 2021. They share elements through the EEA and Norway Grants rules. However, they use different types of specialist replacement wages. The article summarizes the arguments for including in-kind volunteering contributions. It presents the possible values of these contributions in the selected cases, including the relationship between the type of volunteering and the number of hours necessary to achieve these values. The article defines the theoretical basis for calculating the value of in-kind volunteer contributions and illustrates this with real examples of allocations from EEA and Norway Grants.

Medullary lateral tegmental field: control of respiratory rate and vagal lung inflation afferent influences on sympathetic nerve discharge

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (5) ◽  
pp. R1396-R1410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun W. Phillips ◽  
Gerard L. Gebber ◽  
Susan M. Barman
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve ◽  
Artificial Ventilation ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Lung Inflation ◽  
Chemical Inactivation ◽  
A Value ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Nerve Discharge

We used spectral analysis and event-triggered averaging to determine the effects of chemical inactivation of the medullary lateral tegmental field (LTF) on 1) the relationship of intratracheal pressure (ITP, an index of vagal lung inflation afferent activity) to sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) and phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and 2) central respiratory rate in paralyzed, artificially ventilated dial-urethane-anesthetized cats. ITP-SND coherence value at the frequency of artificial ventilation was significantly ( P < 0.05; n = 18) reduced from 0.73 ± 0.04 (mean ± SE) to 0.24 ± 0.04 after bilateral microinjection of muscimol into the LTF. Central respiratory rate was unexpectedly increased in 12 of these experiments (0.28 ± 0.03 vs. 0.95 ± 0.25 Hz). The ITP-PNA coherence value was variably affected by chemical inactivation of the LTF. It was unchanged when central respiratory rate was also not altered, decreased when respiratory rate was increased above the rate of artificial ventilation, and increased when respiratory rate was raised from a value below the rate of artificial ventilation to the same frequency as the ventilator. Chemical inactivation of the LTF increased central respiratory rate in four of six vagotomized cats but did not significantly affect the PNA-SND coherence value. These data demonstrate that the LTF 1) plays a critical role in mediating the effects of vagal lung inflation afferents on SND but not PNA, 2) helps maintain central respiratory rate in the physiological range, but 3) is not involved in the coupling of central respiratory and sympathetic circuits.

Euphoria Versus Sufferings: Revolutionary Rolpa in Post Conflict Context

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-114
Author(s):  
Sachin Ghimire
Keyword(s):  
Deep Level ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
A Value ◽  
Pain And Suffering ◽  
Social Separation ◽  
The Relationship

Armed conflict has left behind a legacy of social separation, physical loss of human lives and a population suffering from many kinds of physical and mental morbidities. In the post-conflict context, a lengthy political transition, coterie politics and the absence of a stable government are severely hindering the realisation of people's aspirations. Such hindrances have fostered a deep level of political frustration and promoted a culture of depoliticization. In Rolpa, lack of political commitment has meant people's health has become an overlooked agenda and has forced people to lose hope for change and survive with silent sufferings. Through the lens of a value-critical approach, this paper attempts to explore the relationship between politics of exclusion and its reflection on individual level pain and suffering in Rolpa.

scholarly journals Iron ore tailings in the production of cement tiles: a value analysis on building sustainability

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanna Carvalho Fontes ◽  
Giovanni Gonçalves Fontes ◽  
Ellen Cristine Pinto Costa ◽  
Julia Castro Mendes ◽  
Guilherme Jorge Brigolini Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Ore ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Local Identity ◽  
Value Analysis ◽  
Social And Emotional ◽  
A Value ◽  
Iron Ore Tailings ◽  
Dissolution Tests ◽  
Technical Evaluation ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The present work discloses the development of a sustainable cement tile (SCT) produced with Iron Ore Tailings from tailings dams (IOT). Initially, technical evaluation and environmental analysis of IOT were performed through physical, chemical and morphological characterisation, leaching and dissolution tests. Its feasibility as a pigment was also investigated. Subsequently, the value analysis was performed, starting from an empathy map to a study on environmental, social and emotional values in the relationship between people and product. As result, the IOT presented fine, crystalline particles, no toxicity, and is technically feasible to be employed as filler, aggregate and pigment in the production of SCT. The colour layer of the SCT presented more homogeneous colour and less pores than conventional ones. Therefore, the design of the SCT was developed, incorporating intangible values such as: environmental ideology, local identity and social expression. In this sense, the present work seeks to assist in the decision-making process involving IOT as construction material.

Interaction between loop of Henle flow and arterial pressure as determinants of glomerular pressure

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (3) ◽  
pp. F421-F429 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Schnermann ◽  
J. P. Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Pressure Range ◽  
Loop Of Henle ◽  
Half Maximum ◽  
Perfusion Rate ◽  
A Value ◽  
Regulatory Input ◽  
Flow Pressure ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Stop Flow

Experiments were performed in anesthetized rats to study the relationship between loop of Henle perfusion rate, arterial pressure, and stop-flow pressure (SFP) as an index of glomerular capillary pressure. In one set of experiments we measured the SFP feedback response to changes in loop perfusion at three levels of arterial pressure. The maximum SFP response fell significantly from 13.1 +/- 1.44 to 8.14 +/- 1.72 and 3.13 +/- 0.76 mmHg when arterial pressure was reduced from 118.1 +/- 1.27 to 98.8 +/- 0.51 and 78.8 +/- 1.72 mmHg. In other experiments arterial pressure was altered while loop perfusion rate was fixed at one of three levels. Without loop perfusion SFP changed with a slope of 0.27 +/- 0.04 mmHg/mmHg in the arterial pressure range between 80 and 130 mmHg. During perfusion at the flow rate at which response is half maximum, the slope was significantly reduced to 0.12 +/- 0.04. During perfusion at 45 nl/min, it was 0.03 +/- 0.05, a value not significantly different from zero. During dopamine administration (70 micrograms/kg min) SFP was pressure-dependent even during loop perfusion at 45 nl/min. These results show that arterial pressure determines TGF responsiveness and that the TGF signal determines the range of a regulatory input that is directly dependent on arterial pressure.

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