THE CONVERSION OF META- AND PARA-SUBSTITUTED BENZALDOXIME ARENESULFONATES TO NITRILES

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1534-1544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Crawford ◽  
Charles Woo
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Acid Chloride ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Salt Effect ◽  
Lithium Perchlorate ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
P Value ◽  
Aqueous Alcohol ◽  
Absolute Ether ◽  
Isotope Study

The meta- and para-substituted syn-benzaldoxime arenesulfonates were prepared from the reaction between the sodium salt of the oxime and the acid chloride in absolute ether. These oxime esters reacted in aqueous alcohol readily to yield the corresponding nitriles exclusively. The reaction rates can be correlated by a Hammett plot with a slope of −0.77. Several para-substituents tended to deviate from the line. Isotope study gives a kH/kD ratio of 4.51. The rate was found to be sensitive to the change in the ionizing power of the solvent, and to the change in the strength of the esterifying acid. The addition of lithium perchlorate gives rise to a normal salt effect. Sodium acetate brings about a basic elimination having a Hammett p value of + 0.44. A mechanism is proposed in the light of these results.

Volume and compressibility changes on mixing solutions of alkali halides/sodium acetate with sodium salt of butyric acid at 298.15 K: Understanding like charge ionic (anion–anion) interactions in water

2020 ◽  
Vol 315 ◽  
pp. 113654
Author(s):  
Sunil H. Ganatra ◽  
Vasim R. Shaikh ◽  
Anushree S. Ujjankar ◽  
Sneha D. Khobragade ◽  
Preeti A. Tomar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Alkali Halides

The Basis of Bentazon Antagonism on Sethoxydim Absorption and Activity

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 400-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunawan Wanamarta ◽  
Donald Penner ◽  
James J. Kells
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Weak Acid ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Sodium Acetate Solution ◽  
Acetate Solution ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Leaf Surfaces

The antagonistic effect of bentazon on sethoxydim adsorption and activity was studied in quackgrass. The diffusion of14C-sethoxydim into and through an isolated tomato fruit cuticle was inhibited in the presence of the sodium salt of bentazon. Bentazon also increased the partitioning of14C-sethoxydim into CH2Cl2and water; however, it decreased partitioning into ethyl acetate. Removal of epicuticular wax from quackgrass leaf surfaces did not prevent the antagonism. Addition of sodium acetate or sodium bicarbonate to the sethoxydim spray solution at 10 mM reduced uptake of14C-sethoxydim by quackgrass similar to the effect of bentazon. Sodium ions in the bentazon formulation appeared responsible for the antagonism by exchanging with the H+of the sethoxydim hydroxyl group to form a more polar sodium salt of sethoxydim. The addition of Li+, K+, Cs+, Ca++, and Mg++cations associated with a weak acid also reduced14C-sethoxydim absorption. Addition of organic acids to the spray solution overcame the antagonism by preventing the formation of sodium salt of sethoxydim. In the field, the addition of a 3000 ppm sodium acetate solution delivering 0.56 kg/ha produced the same antagonism as bentazon on quackgrass control with sethoxydim.

Sodium salt effect on aqueous solutions containing Tween 20 and Triton X-102

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 62-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ulloa ◽  
C. Coutens ◽  
M. Sánchez ◽  
J. Sineiro ◽  
A. Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Salt Effect ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Triton X

scholarly journals Salt Effect on the Cloud Point Phenomenon of Amphiphilic Drug-Hydroxypropylmethyl Cellulose System

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd. Sajid Ali ◽  
Dileep Kumar ◽  
Hamad A. Al-Lohedan
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Point ◽  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Salt Effect ◽  
Tricyclic Antidepressant ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Hydroxypropylmethyl Cellulose ◽  
Amphiphilic Drug ◽  
Amphiphilic Drugs ◽  
Nortriptyline Hydrochloride

Effect of two amphiphilic drugs (tricyclic antidepressant, nortriptyline hydrochloride (NORT), and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, sodium salt of ibuprofen (IBF)) on the cloud point of biopolymer hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) was studied. Effect of NaCl was also seen on the CP of HPMC-drug system. CP of HPMC increases uniformly on increasing the (drug). Both drugs, though one being anionic (IBF) and other cationic (NORT), affect the CP in almost the same manner but with different extent implying the role of hydrophobicity in the interaction between drug and polymer. Salt affects the CP of the drug in a dramatic way as low concentration of salt was only able to increase the value of the CP, though not affecting the pattern. However, in presence of high concentration of salts, minimum was observed on CP versus (drug) plots. Various thermodynamic parameters were evaluated and discussed on the basis of the observed results.

The nature of lithium perchlorate and gallium chloride salt effect in cycloaddition reactions

Tetrahedron ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 54 (11) ◽  
pp. 2631-2646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yury G. Shtyrlin ◽  
Dmitry G. Murzin ◽  
Natalia A. Luzanova ◽  
Gulnara G. Iskhakova ◽  
Vladimir D. Kiselev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Effect ◽  
Lithium Perchlorate ◽  
Chloride Salt ◽  
Cycloaddition Reactions ◽  
Gallium Chloride

scholarly journals Kinetics and mechanism of the reduction of n-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediaminetriacetatoiron(III) complex by thioglycol in bicarbonate buffer medium

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 102 ◽  
Author(s):  
I U. Nkole ◽  
C R. Osunkwo ◽  
A D. Onu ◽  
O D. Onu
Keyword(s):  
Salt Effect ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Outer Sphere ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Kinetics And Mechanism ◽  
Bicarbonate Buffer ◽  
First Order ◽  
Buffer Medium ◽  
Activated Complex ◽  
Sphere Mechanism

The kinetics and mechanism of reduction of N-(2-hydroxyethyl) ethylenediaminetriacetatoiron (III) complex (hereafter [Fe(III)HEDTAOH2]) by thioglycol (hereafter RSH) has been studied spectrophotometrically in a bicarbonate buffer medium. The study was carried out under pseudo-first order conditions of an excess of thioglycol concentration at 28 ± 1℃, I = 0.44 mol dm-3 (KNO3) and λmax = 490 nm. The reaction is first order in [Fe(III)HEDTAOH2] and half order in [RSH] and a stoichiometric mole ratio of [Fe(III)HEDTAOH2]: RSH is 2:1. Reaction rates increased with increase in ionic strength (I) and dielectric constant (D) of the reaction medium of the reaction. The reaction displayed positive primary salt effect, which suggests the composition of activated complex are likely charged reactants ions. Test for possibility of an intermediate complex formation shows negative as Michaelis-Menten plot was linear with very negligible intercept. Based on the findings, outer-sphere mechanism is proposed for the reaction. The experimental rate law obtained is; - = k2 [Fe(III)HEDTAOH2][RSH]½   

Synthesis of Bridgehead Halides by Barton Halodecarboxylation

1989 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
EW Della ◽  
J Tsanaktsidis
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Acid Chloride ◽  
Bromine Atom

Bridgehead carboxylic acids can be converted into their corresponding chlorides very efficiently under Barton halodecarboxylation conditions. Addition of the acid chloride to a suspension of the sodium salt of 1-hydroxypyridine-2(1H)- thione in boiling carbon tetrachloride under irradiation leads to excellent yields of the bridgehead chloride via the derived thiohydroxamic ester. In a useful modification for the synthesis of volatile halides, either 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane or trichlorofluoromethane can be employed as substitute solvents. It is found that the Barton procedure is applicable to the synthesis of labile bromides such as 1-bromobicyclo[3.1.1]heptane for which the usual Hunsdiecker reaction fails. For these, and other brominations , 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane ('Halothane') is shown to function as an efficient solvent/bromine atom donor.

Über die Umsetzung von Benzylmalonylchlorid mit verschiedenen Natriumsalzen von Carbonsäuren / The Reaction of Benzylmalonyl Chloride with Sodium Salts of Carboxylic Acids

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 528-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helga Wittmann ◽  
Helmut Rathmayr
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Acid Chloride ◽  
Sodium Benzoate ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Carboxylic Acid Chloride ◽  
Sodium Salts ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sodium Phenylacetate

Benzylmalonyl Chloride reacts in the presence of sodium acetate in boiling benzene to give tribenzyl-phloroglucinol-triacetate, however with sodium chloroacetate to 3,5-dibenzyl-6-phenethylpyran-2,4-dion. In both cases trimerisation of benzylketene or benzylketene carboxylic acid chloride occurs. On the other hand, benzylmalonylchloride reacts with sodium benzoate and sodium phenylacetate via a dimeric benzylketene carboxylic acid chloride under the loss of phosgene to yield cyclopentadienyl derivatives.

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