NEUTRAL EXTRACELLULAR GLUCAN OF PULLULARIA PULLULANS (DE BARY) BERKHOUT

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 2314-2319 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Sowa ◽  
A. C. Blackwood ◽  
G. A. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Free Boundary ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Small Degree ◽  
Degree Of Branching ◽  
Single Symmetrical Peak

A neutral extracellular glucan ([α]D23 + 189°) was produced in 12% yield by Pullularia pullulans (de Bary) Berkhout grown on a glucose substrate. A single symmetrical peak on free-boundary electrophoresis in borate and acetate buffers was evidence of homogeneity. Infrared spectroscopy showed that the predominant glucoside linkages were α(1 → 4) and α(1 → 6) with a small proportion of α(1 → 3). Graded acid hydrolysis under conditions of minimum reversion yields glucose, maltose, isomaltose, nigerose, panose, and isomaltotriose. In addition, a trisaccharide, O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-D-glucopyranose, was isolated. Another trisaccharide was isolated and tentatively identified as O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-O-[α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)]-D-glucose and hence a small degree of branching may occur in the molecule. The present study has confirmed previous observations that the main linkages are α(1 → 4) and α (1 → 6) and has provided unequivocal proof of the presence of α (1 → 3) linkages. Periodate oxidation studies confirmed the foregoing structural features and showed that the glucan was linked α(1 → 4), 65%; α(1 → 6), 29%; and α(1 → 3), 6%.

THE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF SOME ACIDIC XYLANS BY PERIODATE OXIDATION

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. S. Dutton ◽  
A. M. Unrau
Keyword(s):  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Small Degree ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Borohydride Reduction ◽  
Mild Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Degree Of Branching ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Mild Acid

By determining the amount of formaldehyde produced on periodate oxidation of borohydride-reduced apple- and cherry-wood xylans the degree of polymerization was shown to be 155 and 100 respectively. Acid hydrolysis of the polyols obtained by periodate oxidation and borohydride reduction gave ethylene glycol in amounts indicating that these xylans have a small degree of branching. Mild acid hydrolysis of the polyols demonstrated that in these xylans D-glucuronic acid as well as 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid was present and that some of the former occupied non-terminal positions.

THE STRUCTURE OF A SYNTHETIC GLUCAN: I. GENERAL STRUCTURAL FEATURES

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1196-1200 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. S. Dutton ◽  
A. M. Unrau
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Partial Hydrolysis ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Only D-glucose was obtained on acid hydrolysis of the glucan. Periodate oxidation released formaldehyde, which was believed to arise from C6 of D-glucofuranose units. From the additional formaldehyde liberated from the borohydride-reduced glucan the degree of polymerization was estimated to be about 165. Complete hydrolysis of the derived polyalcohol gave glycerol, erythritol, D-glucose, and D-xylose. Partial hydrolysis gave glycerol, erythritol, and at least seven non-reducing oligosaccharides. Direct evidence for the existence of relatively large numbers of 1 → 6 and 1 → 4 linkages was found, together with smaller numbers of 1 → 2 linkages. The methylated glucan was freely soluble in chloroform – petroleum ether (5:95), and hydrolysis gave tetra, tri, di, and mono-O-methyl-D-glucoses in a 6:6:3:1 molar ratio.

THE WATER-SOLUBLE POLYSACCHARIDES OF DERMATOPHYTES: IV. GALACTOMANNANS I FROM TRICHOPHYTON GRANULOSUM, TRICHOPHYTON INTERDIGITALE, MICROSPORUM QUINCKEANUM, TRICHOPHYTON RUBRUM, AND TRICHOPHYTON SCHÖNLEINII

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Bishop ◽  
M. B. Perry ◽  
F. Blank ◽  
F. P. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Copper Complexes ◽  
Trichophyton Rubrum ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Branch Points ◽  
Terminal Units ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

A group of polysaccharides, called galactomannans I, were precipitated as their insoluble copper complexes from aqueous solutions of the crude polysaccharides obtained from each of the organisms designated in the title. The five galactomannans I were homogeneous under conditions of electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation and had high positive specific rotations. The major constituent monosaccharide was D-mannose; amounts of D-galactose ranged from nil for the polysaccharide from T. rubrum to 13% for that from T. schönleinii. Methylation and hydrolysis of the five galactomannans I yielded varying amounts of the following: 2,3,5,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-galactose (not present in the products from T. rubrum), 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-mannose, 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-mannose, 2,4,6-tri-O-methyl-D-mannose, 3,4-di-O-methyl-D-mannose, and 3,5-di-O-methyl-D-mannose. Periodate oxidation results agreed with the methylation studies. The gross structural features of each galactomannan I appear to be the same, namely, a basic chain of 1 → 6 linked α-D-mannopyranose units for approximately every 22 of which there is a 1 → 3 linked α-D-mannopyranose residue. Branch points occur along the 1 → 6 linked chain at the C2 positions of the D-mannopyranose units and once in every 45 units at the C2 position of a 1 → 6 linked D-mannofuranose residue. The D-galactose in the polysaccharides is present exclusively as non-reducing terminal furanose units; non-reducing terminal units of D-mannopyranose are also present. The variations in the identities and relative amounts of the non-reducing terminal units were the only apparent differences in the gross structural features within this group of polysaccharides.

STRUCTURE OF THE EXTRACELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDE PRODUCED BY XANTHOMONAS ORYZAE

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 2204-2213 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Misaki ◽  
S. Kirkwood ◽  
J. V. Scaletti ◽  
F. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
Xanthomonas Oryzae ◽  
Sodium Borohydride Reduction ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolysis ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Structural Significance ◽  
Molecular Proportion

The extracellular polysaccharide isolated from cultures of Xanthomonas oryzae is composed of D-glucose (5 molecular proportions), D-glucuronic acid (2 molecular proportions), and D-mannose (5 molecular proportions). Acid hydrolysis of this polysaccharide, which contains 0.3% combined pyruvic acid, yields 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid D-mannose, which has been characterized as its crystalline fully methylated β-glycoside. Hydrolysis of the methylated polysaccharide gives 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-mannose (3 molecular proportions), 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid (1 molecular proportion), 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-glucose (4 molecular proportions), 3,4,6-tri-O-methyl-D-mannose (2 molecular proportions), 2,6-di-O-methyl-D-glucose (3 molecular proportions), 2,3-di-O-methyl-D-glucose (1 molecular proportion). The polyalcohol derived from the polysaccharide by periodate oxidation followed by sodium borohydride reduction gives upon acid hydrolysis glycerol (2 molecular proportions), erythritol (1 molecular proportion), and D-glucose (1 molecular proportion). The general structural significance of these findings is discussed.

scholarly journals IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON BLOOD GROUPS

1971 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ten Feizi ◽  
Elvin A. Kabat ◽  
Giuseppe Vicari ◽  
Byron Anderson ◽  
W. Laurence Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Blood Group ◽  
Ovarian Cyst ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Human Saliva ◽  
Mild Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Group B ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Substantial Heterogeneity ◽  
Mild Acid

A partially purified blood group-like substance obtained from milk showed I activity with 2 of 21 anti-I sera. With these antisera, certain human ovarian cyst substances considered to be precursors of the A, B, H, Lea, and Leb substances also showed I activity comparable to the milk material. Strong I activity could be produced by one-stage periodate oxidation and Smith degradation of human ovarian cyst A and B substances, or of hog mucin A + H substance, or by mild acid hydrolysis of human saliva or ovarian cyst blood group B substance. The two sera indicate that I specificity appears at intermediate stages in the biosynthesis of the A, B, H, Lea, and Lea substances. Anti-I sera differ strikingly in their specificities, indicating substantial heterogeneity of the I determinants.

CONSTITUTION OF A DEGRADED POLYSACCHARIDE FROM WHEAT BRAN

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Schmorak ◽  
C. T. Bishop ◽  
G. A. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Glycosidic Bond ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzyme ◽  
Acidic Polysaccharide ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
End Group ◽  
Acid Unit

Graded acid hydrolysis of a soluble wheat bran hemicellulose containing L-arabinose (50%), D-xylose (38.5%), and D-glucuronic acid (9.0%) preferentially removed the L-arabinose giving an insoluble acidic polysaccharide in approximately 25% yield by weight. Methylation studies, periodate oxidation data, and hypoiodite end group estimations showed that the degraded polysaccharide was composed of repeating units of 7-8 D-xylopyranose residues joined by β,1 → 4 linkages. To this repeating unit, one D-glucuronic acid unit was attached by a 1 → 2 glycosidic bond. The cellulolytic enzyme of Myrotheciumverrucaria, which is specific for β,1 → 4 glycosidic linkages, hydrolyzed the degraded polysaccharide although it had no effect on the parent hemicellulose

scholarly journals Effect of Sample Complexity on Quantification of Analytes in Aqueous Samples by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

2000 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark R. Riley ◽  
Mark A. Arnold ◽  
David W. Murhammer
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Small Degree ◽  
Sample Complexity ◽  
Aqueous Samples ◽  
The Impact

This study was undertaken to quantitate the impact of increasing sample complexity on near-infrared spectroscopic (NIRS) measurements of small molecules in aqueous solutions with varying numbers of components. Samples with 2, 6, or 10 varying components were investigated. Within the 10-component samples, three analytes were quantified with errors below 6% and seven of the analytes were quantified with errors below 10%. An increase in the number of varying components can substantially increase the error associated with measurement. A comparison of measurement errors across sample sets, as gauged by the standard error of prediction (SEP), reveals that an increase in the number of varying components from 2 to 6 increases the SEP by approximately 50%. An increase from 2 to 10 varying components increases the SEP by approximately 340%. While there appear to be no substantial correlations between the presence of a specific analyte and the errors associated with quantification of another analyte, several analytes do display a small degree of sensitivity to varying concentrations of certain background components. The analysis also demonstrates that calibrations containing an overestimation of the numbers of varying components can substantially increase measurement errors and so calibrations must be constructed with an accurate understanding of the number of varying components that are likely to be encountered.

scholarly journals Deciphering the mechanism and structural features of polysorbate 80 during adsorption on PLGA nanoparticles by attenuated total reflectance – Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (110) ◽  
pp. 108545-108557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhayraj S. Joshi ◽  
Avinash Gahane ◽  
Ashwani Kumar Thakur
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Adsorption Mechanism ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Plga Nanoparticles ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflectance ◽  
Polysorbate 80 ◽  
Total Reflectance ◽  
Ftir Technique

Structural changes and adsorption mechanism of polysorbate 80 on PLGA nanoparticles by using novel extraction strategy and ATR-FTIR technique.

Structural features of a rye-bran arabinoxylan with a low degree of branching

1987 ◽  
Vol 163 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdenka Hromádková ◽  
Ann Ebringerová ◽  
Eva Petráková ◽  
Jan Schraml
Keyword(s):  
Structural Features ◽  
Degree Of Branching ◽  
Low Degree
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