DEUTERIUM ISOTOPE EFFECTS IN ABSTRACTION OF HYDROGEN ATOMS FROM PHENOLS

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 701-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Bird ◽  
G. A. Harpell ◽  
K. E. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Hydrogen Abstraction ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Transfer Constant ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effects

The effect of six deuterated phenols on the rate and degree of polymerization of styrene has been studied. The rate and degree of polymerization are decreased by deuterated phenols to a much less extent than by the corresponding phenols. Approximate transfer constants are estimated, and it is found that the transfer constant for hydrogen abstraction from the deuterated phenol is less than 0.2 of the transfer constant for the normal phenol. The rates of reaction of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl with three deuterated phenols have been determined. The rate constants for deuterated 2,6-di-t-butylphenol and 4-bromophenol are less than 0.15 of those for the corresponding phenols, but the isotope effect appears to be small with 4-nitrophenol.

Absolute rate constants for hydrocarbon oxidation. VIII. The reactions of cumylperoxy radicals

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1017-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Howard ◽  
K. U. Ingold ◽  
M. Symonds
Keyword(s):  
Rate Constants ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Hydrogen Abstraction ◽  
Cumene Hydroperoxide ◽  
Hydrogen Atom Abstraction ◽  
Hydrocarbon Oxidation ◽  
Peroxy Radicals ◽  
Absolute Rate ◽  
Substituent Constants ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effects

Absolute rate constants have been measured for the reactions of cumylperoxy radicals with a number of hydrocarbons. The cumylperoxy radicals were produced from cumene hydroperoxide. Sufficient hydroperoxide was present to ensure that only cumylperoxy radicals were involved in the rate-determining propagation reaction.Primary and secondary deuterium isotope effects have been measured for propagation and termination in the oxidation of cumene. The rate of hydrogen atom abstraction from ring-substituted cumenes by cumylperoxy radicals can be correlated by the Hammett equation using σ+ substituent constants, ρ = −0.29. Primary and secondary peroxy radicals are about 3–5 times more reactive in hydrogen abstraction than tertiary peroxy radicals.

The kinetics, isotope effects, and mechanism of the reaction of 2,2-di(4-nitrophenyl)-1,1,1-trifluoroethane with alkoxide bases in alcohol solvents

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 576-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold Jarczewski ◽  
Grzegorz Schroeder ◽  
Wlodzimierz Galezowski ◽  
Kenneth T. Leffek ◽  
Urszula Maciejewska
Keyword(s):  
Rate Constants ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Activation Parameters ◽  
Tert Butanol ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effects ◽  
Alcohol Solvents ◽  
Multistep Reaction ◽  
Mechanism Of The Reaction

The reaction between 2,2-di(4-nitrophenyl)-1,1,1-trifluoroethane and the alkoxide bases ŌCH3, ŌC2H5, ŌnC4H9, ŌCH(CH3)2, and ŌC(CH3)3 in their corresponding alcohol solvents is a multistep reaction with several intermediates: 2,2-di(4-nitrophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-1-alkoxyethane (A), 2,2-di(4-nitrophenyl)-1-fluoro-1-alkoxyethene (B), 2,2-di(4-nitrophenyl)-1,1-dialkoxyethene (C), 2,2-di(4-nitrophenyl)-1,1-difluoroethene (D), and 4,4′-dinitrobenzophene (E). Rate constants and activation parameters have been measured for the appearance of the two stable products B and C. The kinetic deuterium isotope effects for the appearance of B fell in the range of kH/kD = 1 to 2 at 25 °C for the primary and secondary alkoxides, whereas kH/kD = 5.4 at 30 °C for the appearance of D with tert-butoxide. Exchange experiments showed that H/D exchange took place between the substrate and solvent to the extent of 100% with methoxide, 50% with ethoxide and isopropoxide, and 0% with tert-butoxide. It is concluded the HF elimination from the substrate follows an (ElcB)R mechanism with methoxide/methanol, changing to (ElcB)I or E2 with tert-butoxide/tert-butanol.

SOME DEUTERIUM KINETIC ISOTOPE EFFECTS: IV. β-DEUTERIUM EFFECTS IN WATER SOLVOLYSIS OF ETHYL, ISOPROPYL, AND tert-BUTYL COMPOUNDS

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 2171-2177 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. T. Leffek ◽  
J. A. Llewellyn ◽  
R. E. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Kinetic Isotope Effect ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Kinetic Isotope Effects ◽  
Alkyl Halides ◽  
Tert Butyl ◽  
Kinetic Isotope ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effects ◽  
Intramolecular Forces

The secondary β-deuterium isotope effects have been measured in the water solvolytic reaction of alkyl halides and sulphonates for primary, secondary, and tertiary species. In every case the kinetic isotope effect was greater than unity (kH/kD > 1). This isotope effect may be associated with varying degrees of hyperconjugation or altered non-bonding intramolecular forces. The experiments make it difficult to decide which effect is most important.

Reactions of trifluoromethyl radicals. V. Hydrogen abstraction from methyl acetate and methyl (2H3)Acetate

1980 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 1437
Author(s):  
NL Arthur ◽  
PJ Newitt
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Methoxy Group ◽  
Methyl Acetate ◽  
Kinetic Isotope Effect ◽  
Hydrogen Abstraction ◽  
Activation Energies ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Kinetic Isotope ◽  
Acetyl Group

Hydrogen abstraction by CF3 radicals from CH3COOCH3 and CD3COOCH3 has been studied in the temperature range 78-242°, and data have been obtained for the reactions: CF3 + CH3COOCH3 → CF3H+[C3H5O2] �������������(3) CF3 + CH3COOCH3 → CF3H+CH2COOCH3������������ (4) CF3 + CD3COOCH3 → CF3D+CD2COOCH3������������ (6) CF3 + CD3COOCH3 → CF3H+CD3COOCH2������������ (7) The corresponding rate constants, based on the value of 1013.36 cm3 mol-1 S-1 for the recombination of CF3 radicals, are given by (k in cm3 mol-1 s-1 and E in J mol-1): logk3 = (11.52�0.05)-(35430�380)/19.145T ���� (3)logk4 = (11.19�0.07)-(34680�550)/19.145T ���� (4)logk6 = (11.34�0.06)-(46490�490)/19.145T ���� (6)logk7 = (11.26�0.05)-(36440�400)/19.145T ���� (7)At 400 K, 59% of abstraction occurs from the acetyl group, and 41 % from the methoxy group. The kinetic isotope effect at 400 K for attack on the acetyl group is 25, due mainly to a difference in activation energies.

The photodissociation of ammonia in the absorption system. Part I. Deuterium isotope effects in the photodissociation

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 1380-1386 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Koda ◽  
R. A. Back
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Atom ◽  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Quantum Yields ◽  
Absorption System ◽  
System Part ◽  
Deuterium Isotope Effects

The photolyses of mixtures of NH3, NH2D, NHD2, and ND3 have been studied at wave lengths of 2144, 2139, 2062, and 1850 Å in the presence of C3H8 as a hydrogen atom scavenger. Quantum yields of dissociation have the same values for all four species, presumably unity. Analysis of the H2 and HD produced permitted evaluation of intramolecular deuterium isotope effects in the photodissociation of NH2D and ND2H. At the two shortest wavelengths dissociation of H was favored by a factor of 2 or 3, while at 2144 and 2139 Å the isotope effect was much larger. Implications for the mechanism of the predissociation of the Ã-state of ammonia are discussed briefly. The system does not appear to be useful for the photochemical separation of deuterium.

The nature of the transition state in diarylmethyl cation – nucleophile combination reactions as probed by secondary α-deuterium isotope effects

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (12) ◽  
pp. 1887-1897
Author(s):  
Thuy Van Pham ◽  
Robert A McClelland
Keyword(s):  
Transition State ◽  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Rate Constant ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Flash Photolysis ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Equilibrium Constants ◽  
Bond Formation ◽  
Kinetic Isotope ◽  
Rate Limiting

Transition-state structures for the carbocation–nucleophile combination reactions of (4-substituted-4'- methoxydiphenyl)methyl cations with water, chloride, and bromide ions in acetonitrile–water mixtures have been investigated by measuring the secondary α-deuterium kinetic and equilibrium isotope effects. Rate constants in the combination direction were measured with laser flash photolysis. Equilibrium constants were measured for the water reaction by a comparison method in moderately concentrated sulfuric acid solutions, for the bromide reaction via the observation of reversible combination, and for the chloride reaction from the ratio of the combination rate constant and the rate constant for the ionization of the diarylmethyl chloride product. The fraction of bond making in the transition state has been calculated as the ratio log (kinetic isotope effect):log (equilibrium isotope effect). For the water reaction, there is 50–65% bond making in the transition state; this is also true for cations that are many orders of magnitude less reactive. The same conclusions, 50–65% bond formation in the transition state independent of reactivity, have previously been made in correlations of log kw vs. log KR. Thus, two quite different measures of transition structure provide the same result. The kH:kD values for the halide combinations in 100% acetonitrile are within experimental error of unity. This is consistent with suggestions that these reactions are occurring with diffusional encounter as the rate-limiting step. Addition of water has a dramatic retarding effect on the halide reactions, with rate constants decreasing steadily with increased water content. Small inverse kinetic isotope effects are observed (in 20% acetonitrile:80% water) indicating that carbon—halogen bond formation is rate-limiting. Comparison of the kinetic and equilibrium isotope effects shows ~25 and ~40% bond formation in the transition states for the reactions with bromide and chloride, respectively.Key words: carbocation, isotope effect, transition state, halide.

The Mercury-Sensitized Photolysis of Pentamethyldisilane

1996 ◽  
Vol 51 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 105-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kerst ◽  
P. Potzinger ◽  
H. Gg. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Yield ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Hydrogen Abstraction ◽  
Branching Ratios ◽  
Bond Breaking ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Substitution Reactions ◽  
Abstraction Reaction

Abstract Two primary processes were observed in the Hg-sensitized photolysis of Me 5 Si 2 H: (I) hydrogen abstraction from the Si-H bond with a quantum yield of 0(1) = 0.85, (V) Si-Si bond breaking with 0(V) = 0.04. The hydrogen atoms formed in (/) undergo an H atom abstraction reaction (k(3)), as well as substitution reactions at the Si centers resulting in the formation of dimethylsilane and trimethylsilyl radical (k(4)) or trimethylsilane and dimethylsilyl radical (k(5)). The following branching ratios have been determined:[xxx]The ratio of disproportionation (k(2)) to combination (k(1)) for the pentamethyldisilyl radical has been determined with MeOH as the scavenger for 1-methyl-l-trimethylsilylsilene, 0.046 < k(2)/A: C1) < 0.071. A mechanism with pertinent rate constants has been proposed which accounts for theresults.

Hydrogen abstraction from (2H3)methyl acetate by methyl and trifluoromethyl radicals

1981 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 727 ◽  
Author(s):  
NL Arthur ◽  
PJ Newitt
Keyword(s):  
Rate Constants ◽  
Methoxy Group ◽  
Methyl Acetate ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Hydrogen Abstraction ◽  
Kinetic Isotope Effects ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Kinetic Isotope ◽  
Acetyl Group

A study of hydrogen abstraction from CH3COOCD3 by CH3 radicals in the temperature range 113-232�, and by CF3 radicals in the range 83-212�, has yielded data on the reactions: CH3+CH3COOCD3 → CH4+CH2COOCD3 (1)CH3+CH3COOCD3 → CH3D+CH3COOCD2 (2) CF3+CH3COOCD3 → CF3H+CH2COOCD2 (3) CF3+CH3COOCD3 → CF3D+CH3COOCD2 (4) The corresponding rate constants, based on the values 1013.34 and 1013.36 cm3 mol-1 s-1 for the recombination of CH3 and CF3 radicals, respectively, are given by (k in cm3 mol-1 s-1 and E in J mol-1): logk1 = (11.31�0.12)-(43500�1030)/19.145T (1) logk1 = (11.31�0.12)-(53460�640)/19.145t (2) logk3 = (11.12�0.06)=(34260�450)/19.145T � (3) logk4 =(10.93�0.12)-(38650�900)/19.145T (4)These results lead to kinetic isotope effects at 400 K for attack on the acetyl group of 11, for the CH3 reaction, and 24, for the CF3 reaction, thus confirming the values we obtained previously. For attack on the methoxy group, the kinetic isotope effects are 8 and 4, for the CH3 and CF3 reactions, respectively.

Two independent isotope effects and their magnetic field dependences in the photoreduction of menadione in deuterium labeled SDS micellar solutions. A spin trapping study

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 1832-1835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaharu Okazaki ◽  
Kazumi Toriyama ◽  
Keichi Nunome ◽  
Hachizo Muto ◽  
Takeshi Shiga
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
External Magnetic Field ◽  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Radical Pair ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Hydrogen Abstraction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spin Adduct ◽  
Micellar Solutions ◽  
Intermediate Radical

Spin adduct yields in the photoreduction of menadione (2-methylnaphthoquinone) in isotope labeled micellar solutions were measured as functions of the external magnetic field. As surfactants, ordinary SDS, perdeuteriated SDS, and a mixture of the two were employed. In a mixed micellar solution, a normal isotope effect on the spin adduct yield was observed. On the other hand, in the pure micellar solutions with each of the former two surfactants, a reversed isotope effect was observed. These two apparent isotope effects depend on the external magnetic field and were separated into two independent isotope effects: one is the primary isotope effect on the hydrogen abstraction step and the other is the secondary magnetic isotope effect on the intersystem crossing step of the intermediate radical pair.

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