THE MECHANISM OF THE ALCOHOLYSIS OF ALIPHATIC NITRITES: I. ALCOHOLYSIS OF 1-METHYLHEPTYL NITRITE IN ALKALINE AND NEUTRAL SOLUTION

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 940-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Allen ◽  
G. R. Schonbaum
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Solution ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Neutral Solution ◽  
Neutral Reaction ◽  
Polarimetric Study ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Asymmetric Carbon

A polarimetric study of the kinetics of the alcoholysis of 1-methylheptyl nitrite in alkaline solution has shown that the reaction rate is proportional to both the nitrite and alkoxide ion concentration. The asymmetric carbon center is not involved in the reaction. In strictly neutral solution no reaction occurs; the commonly observed "neutral" reaction is attributed to traces of acid formed in the decomposition of the nitrite ester. The mechanism of the reactions is discussed.

Mechanism of Hg(II) Oxidation of D-Galactose in Alkaline Medium

1978 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 657-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Singh ◽  
A. K. Singh ◽  
Mandhir Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Medium ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Zero Order ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Kinetics Of Oxidation ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
First Order ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Direct Proportionality

Abstract The present paper deals with the kinetics of oxidation of D-galactose by Nessler's reagent in alkaline medium. The reaction is zero order with respect to Hg(II) and first order with respect to reducing sugar. The direct proportionality of the reaction rate at low hydroxide ion concentrations shows retarding trend at higher concentrations. The reaction rate is inversely proportional to iodide ion concentration. A mechanism has been proposed taking HgI3- as the reacting species

Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Tin(II) by Hexachloroiridate(IV) in Aqueous Perchlorate Solutions

1992 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 326-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Refat M. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Activation Parameters ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
First Order ◽  
Mechanism Of Oxidation ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Overall Kinetics

The kinetics of hexachloroiridate(IV) oxidation of tin(II) in aqueous perchlorate media at a constant ionic strength of 2.0 mol dm-3 have been studied spectrophotometrically. The reaction was found to follow second-order overall kinetics and first order with respect to each of the reactants. The results showed hydrogen ion dependence where the reaction rate increased with increasing hydrogen ion concentration. The activation parameters were evaluated and a tentative reaction mechanism has been discussed.

THE MECHANISM OF THE ALCOHOLYSIS OF ALIPHATIC NITRITES: II. ACID-CATALYZED ALCOHOLYSIS OF 1-METHYLHEPTYL NITRITE

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 947-953 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Allen ◽  
G. R. Schonbaum
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Lithium Salts ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
First Order ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Asymmetric Carbon

The acid-catalyzed alcoholysis of 1-methylheptyl nitrite has been studied kinetically. The reaction rate is first order with respect to both the nitrite and the hydrogen ion concentration, and the reaction does not involve the asymmetric carbon center. Addition of lithium salts (chloride and perchlorate) indicates catalysis by chloride ion. Addition of water in low concentrations inhibits the reaction strongly. These results and the mechanism of the reactions are discussed in terms of the properties of the alcohols and the dissociation of the acid catalysts in the alcohols used.

N-Chlorination of secondary amides. I. Kinetics of N-chlorination of N-methyl acetamide

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (14) ◽  
pp. 2561-2567 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Wayman ◽  
E. W. C. W. Thomm
Keyword(s):  
Rate Constants ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Active Species ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Kcal Mole ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Secondary Amides

The rate of N-chlorination of N-methyl acetamide has been studied in acetate buffered hypochlorous acid solutions. The reaction rate is dependent upon pH, chloride ion concentration, and acetic acid concentration. The results fit the following rate expression[Formula: see text]The observed rate constant, kobs, has three components[Formula: see text]The results suggest that the active chlorinating species in the pH range 3.0–6.0 are HOCl, Cl2, and CH3COOCl, in order of increasing reactivity. The values of the corresponding rate constants at 25 °C are [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] l mole−1 min−1, the last two rate constants being related to k2 and k3 through the respective equilibrium constants.At temperatures near room temperature, the N-chlorination reaction has an apparent activation energy of 14 kcal/mole when Cl2 is the active species, and 5 kcal/mole when CH3COOCl is the chlorinating agent.

STUDYING THE KINETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EXTRACTION OF ANTHOCYANINS FROM THE SQUEEZE OF KRASNOSTOP ZOLOTOVSKY

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Egyan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Efficiency Coefficient ◽  
Kinetic Characteristics ◽  
Reaction Rate Constants ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Process Speed

The article shows studies characterizing the quality of the squeeze: the mechanical composition of the squeeze is determined, the structural moisture of each component is determined, the sugar content in the formed process of sedimentation of the juice and its acidity are determined refractometrically. The kinetics of anthocyanins extraction was determined in two ways, the solids content in the extract was calculated, and the reaction rate constants of the extraction process and the efficiency coefficient of ultrasonic amplification of the extraction process speed were calculated.

Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of Glyphosate (GP) and its Metabolite Aminomethylphosphonic Acid (AMPA)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milad Narimani ◽  
Gabriel da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Decomposition Kinetics ◽  
Rate Theory ◽  
Thermal Decomposition Mechanism ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Aminomethylphosphonic Acid ◽  
Reaction Rate Theory ◽  
Decomposition Chemistry ◽  
Kinetics Of

Glyphosate (GP) is a widely used herbicide worldwide, yet accumulation of GP and its main byproduct, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), in soil and water has raised concerns about its potential effects to human health. Thermal treatment processes are one option for decontaminating material containing GP and AMPA, yet the thermal decomposition chemistry of these compounds remains poorly understood. Here, we have revealed the thermal decomposition mechanism of GP and AMPA by applying computational chemistry and reaction rate theory methods. <br>

Particle Destabilization in Turbulent Pipe Flow

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 435-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Döll
Keyword(s):  
Pipe Flow ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Turbulent Pipe Flow ◽  
Cationic Polymers ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Polyelectrolyte Adsorption ◽  
Charge Neutralization ◽  
Silica Suspensions ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Turbulent Flow Conditions

Silica suspensions (pH = 6.8) and three different cationic polymers were used to study the kinetics of charge neutralization by polyelectrolyte adsorption. The experiments were performed in a continuous flow pipe reactor under steady state turbulent flow conditions. The charge neutralization was monitored by electrophoretic mobility (EPM) measurements of the suspended particles as a function of time after polyelectrolyte audition. The results show the dependency of the destabilization reaction rate on flow and polymer characteristics.

Cyclization and acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of O-benzoylbenzamidoximes

1986 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 2786-2797
Author(s):  
František Grambal ◽  
Jan Lasovský
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Kinetic Isotope ◽  
Acid Base Equilibrium ◽  
Mineral Acids ◽  
Kinetics Of Formation ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Ph Scale ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Derivatives Of

Kinetics of formation of 1,2,4-oxadiazoles from 24 substitution derivatives of O-benzoylbenzamidoxime have been studied in sulphuric acid and aqueous ethanol media. It has been found that this medium requires introduction of the Hammett H0 function instead of the pH scale beginning as low as from 0.1% solutions of mineral acids. Effects of the acid concentration, ionic strength, and temperature on the reaction rate and on the kinetic isotope effect have been followed. From these dependences and from polar effects of substituents it was concluded that along with the cyclization to 1,2,4-oxadiazoles there proceeds hydrolysis to benzamidoxime and benzoic acid. The reaction is thermodynamically controlled by the acid-base equilibrium of the O-benzylated benzamidoximes.

Kinetics of carbon monoxide methanation on a Ni/SiO2 catalyst

1990 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 1678-1685
Author(s):  
Vladimír Stuchlý ◽  
Karel Klusáček
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Catalyst Activity ◽  
Adsorbed Hydrogen ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Co Methanation ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Rate Determining Step ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Kinetics Of

Kinetics of CO methanation on a commercial Ni/SiO2 catalyst was evaluated at atmospheric pressure, between 528 and 550 K and for hydrogen to carbon monoxide molar ratios ranging from 3 : 1 to 200 : 1. The effect of reaction products on the reaction rate was also examined. Below 550 K, only methane was selectively formed. Above this temperature, the formation of carbon dioxide was also observed. The experimental data could be described by two modified Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic models, based on hydrogenation of surface CO by molecularly or by dissociatively adsorbed hydrogen in the rate-determining step. Water reversibly lowered catalyst activity and its effect was more pronounced at higher temperature.

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