DETERMINATION OF THE DISINTEGRATION RATE OF NUCLIDES DECAYING BY ELECTRON CAPTURE

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. S. Drouin ◽  
L. Yaffe
Keyword(s):  
Electron Capture ◽  
Energy Resolution ◽  
Proportional Counter ◽  
Path Length ◽  
Average Path Length ◽  
Gas Pressure ◽  
Disintegration Rate ◽  
X Ray

In an attempt to determine disintegration rates of nuclides decaying by electron capture, various properties of a 2π proportional counter spectrometer were studied. These included gas multiplication, energy resolution, and energy linearity. The result of varying anode size, gas pressure, and nature of the gas was also investigated. An experimentally determined average path length for characteristic X-ray energies between 4 and 24 kev was found.

X-Ray Absorption-Edge Determination of Cobalt in Complex Mixtures*

1961 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 379-388
Author(s):  
E.A. Hakkila ◽  
G.R. Waterbury
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Absorption Edge ◽  
Path Length ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Low X ◽  
X Ray Absorption

AbstractThe application of the X-ray absorption-edge technique was extended to the determination of cobalt in aqueous and alcoholic solutions containing a wide variety of impurity elements. In the procedure developed, secondary radiation from a 50% copper-nickel alloy is passed through an absorption cell filled alternately with the solvent and the sample solution. The transmitted Intensities of the Kα lines for copper and nickel are measured, and the concentration of cobalt is determined using accepted absorption principles. The K absorption edge for cobalt occurs at 1.604 A, restricting cell construction materials and solvents to those containing light elements with low X-ray absorption characteristics and also limiting the path length of the cell.Cells of 0.16- and 0.34-cm path length were used in the analysis of aqueous and alcoholic solutions, respectively. With the 0.16-cm path-length cell, relative standard deviations of 4.6 to 0.5% were obtained for cobalt concentrations ranging from 1.00 to 10.00 mg/ml for known aqueous solutions that contain various known concentrations of nitric acid. With the longer path-length cell, relative standard deviations from 1.8 to 0.46% were obtained for cobalt concentrations in the same range in known alcoholic solutions containing various known concentrations of nitric acid. The standard deviation of determining the blank is 0.043 mg of cobalt per milliliter for the 0.16-cm cell and 0.016 mg of cobalt per milliliter for the longer cell.A Norelco X-ray spectrograph with a three-position head was used in these analyses. Less than 5 min is required to convert this instrument from normal fluorescence operation to absorption-edge analysis. Approximately 15 to 20 analyses can be performed daily.

WE-C-L100J-02: Determination of Pixel-Value to X-Ray Path-Length Conversion Factor From Single Angiograms

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (6Part20) ◽  
pp. 2585-2585
Author(s):  
E Erdemir ◽  
K Hoffmann ◽  
A Gopal
Keyword(s):  
Path Length ◽  
Conversion Factor ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pixel Value ◽  
Ray Path

scholarly journals X-ray Analysis in the Low Vacuum SEM (Part 3 of 3)

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
Don Chernoff
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Path Length ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Gas Pressure ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Software Models ◽  
Working Distance ◽  
Low Vacuum Sem

In this third and final installment on x-ray analysis in the environmental and low vacuum SEM, I will present experimental methods for measuring beam scatter. In my previous two articles I discussed how operating conditions detemine beam scatter. It was shown that the type of gas used, the gas pressure in the chamber, the working distance or beam gas path length, and the accelerating voltage all have an effect on how much the electron beam scatters. I also discussed how the beam scatter influences x-ray results by producing x-rays beyond the area of the primary beam. Furthermore, I showed how software models could be used to determine the amount of beam scatter based on different combinations of the four variables (pressure, gas, working distance, and kV).

scholarly journals X-Ray Observations of M87’s Halo

1980 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 689-693
Author(s):  
D. Fabricant ◽  
M. Lecar ◽  
P. Gorenstein
Keyword(s):  
Proportional Counter ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Precise Determination ◽  
Virgo Cluster ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Einstein Observatory ◽  
Extended Emission

We briefly describe the soft X-ray image of M87 obtained using the imaging proportional counter aboard the Einstein Observatory. These data provide further strong evidence for the existence of a massive halo of dark matter surrounding M87 and allow a much more precise determination of its mass. Two pointing positions of the satellite were analyzed; one centered on M87, the other 63’ south and 25’ east of M87. The field of view of the imaging proportional counter is 60’ × 60’, and it attains a two dimensional spatial resolution of ˜ 1.5’ in a spectral range spanning 0.1 to 4.5 keV.As previous reports had suggested (Gorenstein et al. 1977; Fabricant et al. 1978), the present observations show M87 to be a strong, very extended, thermal X-ray source with a temperature near 2 keV, surrounded by weaker and still more extended emission from hotter gas associated with the Virgo cluster as a whole (Davison, 1978; Lawrence, 1978). We find M87 to have a total 0.5-4.5 keV X-ray luminosity of about 2 × 1043 ergs/sec, and an extrapolated 2-6 keV luminosity of approximately 1 × 1043 ergs/sec. The total mass of gas inferred from the X-ray measurement exceeds 1012 solar masses.

Determination of K X-Ray Yields in Pionic Hydrogen as a Function of Gas Pressure

1990 ◽  
pp. 105-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Rusi EL Hassani ◽  
W. Beer ◽  
M. Bogdan ◽  
J. F. Gilot ◽  
P. A. F. Goudsmit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Pressure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pionic Hydrogen

Determination of K–L vacancy transfer probabilities of some 3d elements using synchrotron radiation

2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (7) ◽  
pp. 760-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santosh Mirji ◽  
A.S. Bennal ◽  
Krishnananda ◽  
N.M. Badiger ◽  
M.K. Tiwari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Energy Resolution ◽  
Intensity Ratio ◽  
Fluorescence Yield ◽  
Silicon Drift Detector ◽  
X Ray ◽  
3D Elements ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Cu And Zn

The K–L total vacancy transfer probabilities (ηKL) of some 3d elements have been determined using Indus-2 synchrotron radiation. The targets, such as Cr, Cu, and Zn, are excited by using 6.5, 10, and 11 keV synchrotron radiation, respectively. The K X-ray photons are detected with a silicon drift detector, which has an energy resolution of 130 eV at 5.9 keV. By measuring the K-shell fluorescence yield and K X-ray intensity ratio, the K–L vacancy transfer probabilities have been determined. Measured values have been compared with the theoretical values and other experimental values.

Absolute determination of low-energy X-ray emission rates with a proportional counter

2020 ◽  
Vol 160 ◽  
pp. 109113 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.H. Elvira ◽  
V. Peyrés ◽  
M. Roteta ◽  
A. Fernández-Sotillo ◽  
E. García-Toraño
Keyword(s):  
Proportional Counter ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Absolute Determination

scholarly journals Review of Recent Observations of Cluster X-Ray Sources Using the Einstein Observatory

1980 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 727-734
Author(s):  
Stephen S. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Energy Resolution ◽  
Proportional Counter ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Clusters Of Galaxies ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Moderate Energy ◽  
Einstein Observatory

In this contribution I shall review briefly some of the recent research being carried out at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in the study of X-ray emission from clusters of galaxies. This work is being done by several of us at CFA, and I particularly wish to thank Drs. Christine Jones, William Forman, and J. Patrick Henry for permission to discuss their results. The data have been obtained from the Einstein X-ray Observatory (HEAO-2) using the imaging instruments, and in particular the Imaging Proportional Counter (IPC). This gives X-ray images with about l½ arc minute resolution over a field of view of ½° × ½° and moderate energy resolution over a band from 0.5 to 3.0 keV. (For further details see Giacconi et al. 1979).

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