SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE THEORY OF π-BONDING IN INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 1300-1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Westland
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Lattice Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
Quantitative Relation ◽  
Iron Group ◽  
Multiple Bonding ◽  
Lattice Energies ◽  
The One ◽  
Electron Donation

Evidence for the existence of multiple bonding due to d-electron donation by non-inert gas type ions is discussed briefly. A quantitative relation between the heats of formation of binary halides and chalcides containing non-inert gas type cations, on the one hand, and inert gas type cations, on the other, reveals an enhanced lattice energy in the former class of compounds. It is shown that this may be accounted for in the case of iron group elements without recourse to the postulate of participation of d-electrons in the bonding, as satisfactory estimates of the lattice energies of halides and sulphides may be made on the basis of values for group IIa compounds.

The behaviour of the paramagnetic ions in the single crystals of some similar salts of the iron group of elements I. Hydrated cupric salts

1957 ◽  
Vol 239 (1217) ◽  
pp. 165-183 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Relative Orientation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spin Interaction ◽  
Iron Group ◽  
Double Salts ◽  
Paramagnetic Ions ◽  
The One

The anisotropic behaviours of a series of similarly constituted salts of the Cu 2+ ion have been compared by accurate methods of observation developed in this laboratory. It is found that the principal magnetic axes of the crystal and the relative orientation of the Cu 2+ ion in the unit cell change in most cases, in a few cases abnormally, owing to the anisotropic thermal expansion of the lattice. The thermal magnetic anisotropy behaviour of the Cu 2+ ion in most of the salts may be well represented in the form K 1 - K ┴ . Because of the degeneracy of the spin levels (except for very small spin interaction effects) in Cu 2+ ion, C / T 2 obviously arises in our range of temperatures mainly from a temperature-dependence of the theoretical high-frequency and Curie terms. Abnormalities in the values of the A and B terms also point to the same conclusion. The predominant B term is different from salt to salt and very markedly so between the alkali double salts on the one hand and ammonium and thallium double salts on the other. The tetragonal level separation in different salts and its variation with temperature are discussed.

The Transformation of Thiols Compounded in Raw Rubber

1951 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 914-915
Author(s):  
Jeanle Bras ◽  
Michel Montu
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectra ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Transformation Products ◽  
Ultraviolet Absorption ◽  
The Other ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Acetone Extraction ◽  
The One

Abstract During the last few years the rubber industry has made use of certain thiols, under the technical name of peptizing agents, which have the property of accelerating the plasticization of raw rubber during mastication. It is now known that this process of plasticization involves oxidation of the rubber, and that it does not take place in an atmosphere of an inert gas. Accordingly the present authors were induced, on the one hand, to follow the transformation of thiols during their participation in the mastication of rubber and, on the other hand, to observe their influence on the tendency of rubber to oxidize. In the first of these objectives, the analytical method utilized was ultra- violet absorption spectrography. To avoid pertubations in the spectra caused by the resins present in rubber, crepe rubber purified by acetone extraction was used in the experiments. The rubber was masticated at 100° C, and the thiol was added soon after the beginning of this mastication in the proportion of 5 per cent of the rubber. Samples were withdrawn at successive intervals of time, and the transformation products of the thiol, which were isolated by acetone extraction, were identified by their ultraviolet absorption spectra. In these experiments, chloroform solutions containing 0.5 gram per liter were employed.

scholarly journals Theoretical investigation of the lattice energy of urea: Insight from DFT using systematic cluster method

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 632-636
Author(s):  
Nur Najwa Alyani Mohd Nabil ◽  
Lee Sin Ang
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Theoretical Investigation ◽  
Lattice Energy ◽  
Cluster Method ◽  
Lattice Energies ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Small Clusters ◽  
Systematic Cluster

Lattice energy is the energy needed to form crystals of a compound from the individual molecules. It is related to the stability of a compound in the solid state. In this study, systematic cluster method has been applied to obtain the lattice energy of urea. Using this method, the effect of solid state environment is included in a systematic way. Starting from the small clusters containing a few molecules, the largest cluster we studied contains 84 molecules. In order to improve the results from the cluster method using Gaussian 09 program, correction using the D3BJ program was included. The results show that, when compared to the experimental value, the lattice energies obtained were under-estimated for all the theoretical levels considered. Generally, application of the systematic cluster method shows decrease in calculated lattice energy as more molecules were included in the clusters and becomes closer to the experimental value of urea. Of all the levels considered, B3LYP/DEF2-TZVP with correctional terms provides the closest value to the one from the experiment.

scholarly journals Exchange of energy between inert gas atoms and a solid surface

1933 ◽  
Vol 142 (847) ◽  
pp. 447-456 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Surface ◽  
Accommodation Coefficient ◽  
Exchange Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
Surface Exchange ◽  
Thermal Accommodation ◽  
Thermal Accommodation Coefficient ◽  
The One

1. Introduction .—When a gas and a solid surface exchange energy, the transfer of energy from the one to the other is determined by the magnitude of the thermal accommodation coefficient α . If a group of gas atoms with mean energy corresponding to the temperature T 2 incident on a solid surface at temperature T 1 , the gas atoms, after collision with the surfaces, will have mean energy corresponding to the temperature T' 2 , where T' 2 lies between T 1 and T 2 . The accommodation coefficient α is then defined by the limiting process α = Lim T 1 → T 2 →T (T' 2 - T 2 ) / (T 1 - T 2 ). According to this definition α depends only on the nature of the gas and solid atoms, their interaction and the temperature T.

Note on Selection of Coordinate Systems for Geodynamics

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 395-407
Author(s):  
S. Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The One ◽  
Static Systems ◽  
Selection Of

The first question to be answered, in seeking coordinate systems for geodynamics, is: what is geodynamics? The answer is, of course, that geodynamics is that part of geophysics which is concerned with movements of the Earth, as opposed to geostatics which is the physics of the stationary Earth. But as far as we know, there is no stationary Earth – epur sic monere. So geodynamics is actually coextensive with geophysics, and coordinate systems suitable for the one should be suitable for the other. At the present time, there are not many coordinate systems, if any, that can be identified with a static Earth. Certainly the only coordinate of aeronomic (atmospheric) interest is the height, and this is usually either as geodynamic height or as pressure. In oceanology, the most important coordinate is depth, and this, like heights in the atmosphere, is expressed as metric depth from mean sea level, as geodynamic depth, or as pressure. Only for the earth do we find “static” systems in use, ana even here there is real question as to whether the systems are dynamic or static. So it would seem that our answer to the question, of what kind, of coordinate systems are we seeking, must be that we are looking for the same systems as are used in geophysics, and these systems are dynamic in nature already – that is, their definition involvestime.

Stories and the Self

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Krause ◽  
Markus Appel
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Contrast Effects ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Abstract. Two experiments examined the influence of stories on recipients’ self-perceptions. Extending prior theory and research, our focus was on assimilation effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in line with a protagonist’s traits) as well as on contrast effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in contrast to a protagonist’s traits). In Experiment 1 ( N = 113), implicit and explicit conscientiousness were assessed after participants read a story about either a diligent or a negligent student. Moderation analyses showed that highly transported participants and participants with lower counterarguing scores assimilate the depicted traits of a story protagonist, as indicated by explicit, self-reported conscientiousness ratings. Participants, who were more critical toward a story (i.e., higher counterarguing) and with a lower degree of transportation, showed contrast effects. In Experiment 2 ( N = 103), we manipulated transportation and counterarguing, but we could not identify an effect on participants’ self-ascribed level of conscientiousness. A mini meta-analysis across both experiments revealed significant positive overall associations between transportation and counterarguing on the one hand and story-consistent self-reported conscientiousness on the other hand.

Radioimmunotherapy for treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndrome

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (03) ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
R. G. Meyer ◽  
W. Herr ◽  
A. Helisch ◽  
P. Bartenstein ◽  
I. Buchmann
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Primary Tumour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Haematopoietic Stem Cell ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Primary Reduction ◽  
The One ◽  
Acute Myeloid

SummaryThe prognosis of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has improved considerably by introduction of aggressive consolidation chemotherapy and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Nevertheless, only 20-30% of patients with AML achieve long-term diseasefree survival after SCT. The most common cause of treatment failure is relapse. Additionally, mortality rates are significantly increased by therapy-related causes such as toxicity of chemotherapy and complications of SCT. Including radioimmunotherapies in the treatment of AML and myelodyplastic syndrome (MDS) allows for the achievement of a pronounced antileukaemic effect for the reduction of relapse rates on the one hand. On the other hand, no increase of acute toxicity and later complications should be induced. These effects are important for the primary reduction of tumour cells as well as for the myeloablative conditioning before SCT.This paper provides a systematic and critical review of the currently used radionuclides and immunoconjugates for the treatment of AML and MDS and summarizes the literature on primary tumour cell reductive radioimmunotherapies on the one hand and conditioning radioimmunotherapies before SCT on the other hand.

Das Ende der Postdemokratie, den Pessimismus überwinden.

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (188) ◽  
pp. 487-494
Author(s):  
Daniel Mullis
Keyword(s):  
Political Thought ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Decline ◽  
Far Right ◽  
Windows Of Opportunity ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Political Struggles ◽  
The One

In recent years, political and social conditions have changed dramatically. Many analyses help to capture these dynamics. However, they produce political pessimism: on the one hand there is the image of regression and on the other, a direct link is made between socio-economic decline and the rise of the far-right. To counter these aspects, this article argues that current political events are to be understood less as ‘regression’ but rather as a moment of movement and the return of deep political struggles. Referring to Jacques Ranciere’s political thought, the current conditions can be captured as the ‘end of post-democracy’. This approach changes the perspective on current social dynamics in a productive way. It allows for an emphasis on movement and the recognition of the windows of opportunity for emancipatory struggles.

Tolerance is theoretical and practical principles

1996 ◽  
pp. 13-23
Author(s):  
Mykhailo Babiy
Keyword(s):  
Religious Diversity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nodal Points ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The One ◽  
Ukrainian Society

Political ideological pluralism, religious diversity are characteristic features of modern Ukrainian society. On the one hand, multiculturalism, socio-political, religious differentiation of the latter appear as important characteristics of its democracy, as a practical expression of freedom, on the other - as a factor that led to the deconsocialization of society, gave rise to "nodal points" of tension, confrontational processes, in particular, in political and religious spheres.

The Salvage of Ideas: Schumpeter and the Core Problems Still Confronting Economics

2003 ◽  
pp. 15-26
Author(s):  
P. Wynarczyk
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Core ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

Two aspects of Schumpeter' legacy are analyzed in the article. On the one hand, he can be viewed as the custodian of the neoclassical harvest supplementing to its stock of inherited knowledge. On the other hand, the innovative character of his works is emphasized that allows to consider him a proponent of hetherodoxy. It is stressed that Schumpeter's revolutionary challenge can lead to radical changes in modern economics.

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