RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN LOW BACKGROUND GEIGER–MÜLLER COUNTERS

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Grummitt ◽  
R. M. Brown ◽  
A. J. Cruikshank ◽  
I. L. Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Construction Materials ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Low Background ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Coincidence Counter ◽  
Normal Background

G–M counting assemblies have been constructed which give dependable low background operation in routine use. Possible construction materials have been examined in detail for radioactive content in an effort to achieve minimum inherent activity in the assembly. The cosmic ray component of the normal background has been eliminated by an anticoincidence arrangement. Increased reliability of the system is obtained through (a) use of a multiple anode anti-coincidence counter in place of a bundle of tubes, (b) use of an electronic quench on both sample and shielding counters, and (c) operation of the assembly as flow counters in tandem. In the best arrangement to date a copper counter with a polystyrene seal gives a background of 0.9 counts per minute.

scholarly journals Coincidence counter measurements of cosmic rays in an aeroplane

1936 ◽  
Vol 156 (889) ◽  
pp. 570-577 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Independent Sets ◽  
Vertical Line ◽  
Coincidence Counting ◽  
Detailed Design ◽  
Recording Apparatus ◽  
Coincidence Counter ◽  
Balloon Experiments

Cosmic ray measurements on mountains are limited in general to altitudes below about 4000 meters. Above this height Regener has made successful use of small balloons carrying self-recording apparatus, and occasional flights have been made with manned balloons by Piccard, Cosyns, and by American workers. Balloon experiments are, however, hardly practicable in this country, so we decided to investigate cosmic rays, and in particular the production of showers, using an aeroplane. Facilities for flying to a height of about 10 km. Were generously provided by the Air Ministry. Apparatus Two independent sets of three tube counters were used in conjunction with the usual coincidence counting circuits. The counters could be arranged in a vertical line to record vertical penetrating particles, or in a triangle to record showers. The triple coincidences were recorded by telephone counters which were photographed at intervals together with a clock and aneroid barometer. The detailed design of the apparatus required some consideration since the aeroplane available (the Vickers Vespa machine used for high altitude experiments at the Royal Aircraft Establishment) had an open observer’s cockpit in which the counting set had to be installed.

Coincidence Counter Studies of Cosmic-Ray Showers

1936 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 711-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Woodward
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Coincidence Counter

scholarly journals Muon radiography for exploration of Mars geology

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 829-853
Author(s):  
S. Kedar ◽  
H. K. M. Tanaka ◽  
C. J. Naudet ◽  
C. E. Jones ◽  
J. P. Plaut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Passive Imaging ◽  
Geological Structures ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Muon Radiography ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Muon Production

Abstract. Muon radiography is a technique that uses naturally occurring showers of muons (penetrating particles generated by cosmic rays) to image the interior of large scale geological structures in much the same way as standard X-ray radiography is used to image the interior of smaller objects. Recent developments and application of the technique to terrestrial volcanoes have demonstrated that a low-power, passive muon detector can peer deep into geological structures up to several kilometers in size, and provide crisp density profile images of their interior at ten meter scale resolution. Preliminary estimates of muon production on Mars indicate that the near horizontal Martian muon flux, which could be used for muon radiography, is as strong or stronger than that on Earth, making the technique suitable for exploration of numerous high priority geological targets on Mars. The high spatial resolution of muon radiography also makes the technique particularly suited for the discovery and delineation of Martian caverns, the most likely planetary environment for biological activity. As a passive imaging technique, muon radiography uses the perpetually present background cosmic ray radiation as the energy source for probing the interior of structures from the surface of the planet. The passive nature of the measurements provides an opportunity for a low power and low data rate instrument for planetary exploration that could operate as a scientifically valuable primary or secondary instrument in a variety of settings, with minimal impact on the mission's other instruments and operation.

Independent Quality Checking of UK Low Level Radioactive Waste for Plutonium Using the SCK•CEN Hexagon 2000 Passive Neutron Coincidence Counter

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. May ◽  
R. Strange ◽  
M. Bruggeman ◽  
W. De Boeck
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Background Signal ◽  
Coincidence Counting ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Cosmic Ray Interactions ◽  
Coincidence Counter ◽  
Environment Agency ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Low Level Radioactive Waste

Checking low level wastes requires the detection of sub-milligram levels of plutonium. This is an extreme challenge for passive neutron coincidence counting as the levels of true signal are close to the background signal caused by cosmic ray interactions. The origin of cosmic-induced background is discussed. We describe the Hexagon 2000 passive neutron coincidence counter that has been designed and built for waste quality checking of low-level radioactive waste in the UK for the Environment Agency. The instrument uses computed neutron coincidence counting and improved filtering of high multiplicity cosmic-induced events. The instrument also correlates background signal with atmospheric pressure to further increase sensitivity. Preliminary measurements of background data and of test drums containing small amounts of plutonium are described.

scholarly journals Recent Developments and Results on Double Beta Decays with Crystal Scintillators and HPGe Spectrometry

Universe ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Di Marco ◽  
Alexander Barabash ◽  
Pierluigi Belli ◽  
Rita Bernabei ◽  
Roman Boiko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beta Decay ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Double Beta Decay ◽  
Low Background ◽  
Hpge Detectors ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Deep Underground ◽  
Beta Decays

Recent developments, results, and perspectives arising from double beta decay experiments at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS) of the INFN by using HPGe detectors and crystal scintillators and by exploiting various approaches and different isotopes are summarized. The measurements here presented have been performed in the experimental set-ups of the DAMA collaboration. These setups are optimized for low-background studies and operate deep underground at LNGS. The presented results are of significant value to the field, and the sensitivity achieved for some of the considered isotopes is one of the best available to date.

scholarly journals RADIATION STUDIES FOR THE Mu2e EXPERIMENT: A REVIEW

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (19) ◽  
pp. 1330014 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. PRONSKIKH
Keyword(s):  
Peak Power ◽  
Secondary Particle ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Radiation Environment ◽  
Beyond The Standard Model ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Water Activation ◽  
Recent Developments

The Mu2e experiment being designed at Fermilab will be searching for a rare event — conversion of muon into electron in the field of a nucleus without emission of neutrinos — observation of which would provide unambiguous evidence for physics beyond the Standard Model, making use of an 8 GeV 8 kW proton beam. As an experiment to be performed at the Intensity Frontier, taking advantage of high-intensity proton beams, the Mu2e experimental setup will be residing in a harsh radiation environment created by secondary particle fluxes. Radiation quantities in different parts of the Mu2e apparatus, such as neutron flux, peak power density, displacements per atom (DPA), absorbed dose, dynamic heat load simulated using the MARS15 code are reviewed in this work. Radiation levels and requirements for Heat and Radiation Shield (HRS), Transport Solenoid (TS), residual dose and decay heat from the Mu2e target, beam dump design, rates in Cosmic Ray Veto (CRV) counters as well as stopping target monitor (STM) are considered. Airflow, surface and ground water activation are estimated. Recent developments in the MARS15 DPA model applied in this work are described, their consequences are discussed.

scholarly journals The effects of nano- and micro-sized additives on 3D printable cementitious and alkali-activated composites: a review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawel Sikora ◽  
Mehdi Chougan ◽  
Karla Cuevas ◽  
Marco Liebscher ◽  
Viktor Mechtcherine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Clay Nanoparticles ◽  
Three Dimensional Objects ◽  
Micro Particles ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Alkali Activated

AbstractAdditive manufacturing (AM), also referred as 3D printing, is a technology that enables building automated three-dimensional objects in a layer-by-layer manner. AM of cement-based and alkali-activated composites has gathered attention over the last decade and is one of the most rapidly developing civil engineering fields. Development of proper mixture compositions which are suitable in fresh and hardened state is one of the key challenges of AM technology in construction. As the behaviour of cement-based materials (CBM) and alkali-activated materials (AAM) is determined by chemical and physical processes at the nano-level, incorporation of nano- and micro-sized admixtures has great influence on the performance of printable composites. These modifications are attributed to the unique reactivity of nanoparticles associated with their small size and large surface area. This review paper summarizes recent developments in the application of nano- and micro-particles on 3D printable cementitious composites and how they influence the performance of 3D-printed construction materials. The research progress on nano-engineered CBM and AAM is reviewed from the view of fresh and hardened properties. Moreover, comparison between nano- and micro-sized admixtures including nanosilica, graphene-based materials, and clay nanoparticles as well as chemical admixtures such as viscosity-modifying admixtures and superplasticizers is presented. Finally, the existing problems in current research and future perspectives are summarized. This review provides useful recommendations toward the significant influence of nano- and micro-sized admixtures on the performance of 3D printable CBMs.

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