ALLOYS OF INDIUM: THE SYSTEM INDIUM–LEAD–TIN

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Campbell ◽  
R. M. Screaton ◽  
T. P. Schaefer ◽  
C. M. Hovey
Keyword(s):  
Lattice Structure ◽  
Liquidus Surface ◽  
Ternary Eutectic ◽  
Phase Region ◽  
Β Phase ◽  
Hardness Tests ◽  
Eutectic Trough ◽  
Direct Experiment ◽  
Face Centered ◽  
Microscopic Techniques

There is no ternary eutectic in the system: indium–lead–tin: the eutectic trough extends from the lead–tin eutectic to the tin–indium eutectic. The liquidus surface has been outlined. The structures of all alloys of the above system have been investigated, at room temperature, by the X-ray and microscopic techniques. A one-phase region extends across the ternary diagram from the limits of the β-phase in the indium–tin system to the limits of the β-phase in the lead–indium system. This indicates that the intermetallic β-phases of the two systems (lead–indium and tin–indium) have the same lattice structure, viz. face-centered tetragonal. Heterogeneity has been detected by direct experiment in the system lead–indium, whereas it had previously only been deduced. Hardness tests, both Brinell and Vickers, have been made on the alloys.

scholarly journals Solidification pathways and phase equilibria in the Mo–Ti–C ternary system

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuntaro Ida ◽  
Nobuaki Sekido ◽  
Kyosuke Yoshimi
Keyword(s):  
Ternary System ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Eutectic Reaction ◽  
Liquidus Surface ◽  
Ternary Eutectic ◽  
Interlamellar Spacing ◽  
Phase Region ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Surface Projection ◽  
Liquidus Surface Projection

AbstractThe liquidus surface projection and isothermal section at 1,800°C in the Mo–Ti–C ternary system are examined using arc-melted alloys. A ternary transition peritectic reaction (L + Mo2C → Mo + TiC) takes place during solidification, which is apparently different from the ternary eutectic reaction (L → Mo + TiC + Mo2C) observed in a previous report. Since the composition of the eutectic reaction (L → Mo + TiC) shifts toward the Mo–Ti binary line with increasing Ti concentration, the volume fraction of the Mo phase and the interlamellar spacing of the Mo and TiC phases increase in the eutectic microstructure. At 1,800°C, the TiC phase in equilibrium with the Mo phase can contain more than 28 at% Mo and a Mo/TiC/Mo2C three-phase region exists at around Mo–15Ti–10C.

scholarly journals Structural characterization and nanoscale strain field analysis of α/β interface layer of a near α titanium alloy

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1197-1207
Author(s):  
Longlong Lu ◽  
Yanmin Zhang ◽  
Kexing Song ◽  
Xiuhua Guo ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strain Field ◽  
Phase Interface ◽  
Interface Layer ◽  
Phase Region ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Face Centered Cubic ◽  
Β Phase ◽  
Α Phase ◽  
Face Centered ◽  
Fcc Phase

Abstract In this article, the structural and nanoscale strain field of the α/β phase interface layer in Ti80 alloy were studied by using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and geometric phase analysis (GPA). The α/β interface layer was observed in forged and different annealed Ti80 alloys, which is mainly composed of lamellar face-centered cubic (FCC) phase region and α′ + β region. The FCC phases between α and β phases show a twin relationship, and the twinning plane is ( 1 1 ¯ 1 ) (1\bar{1}1) . The orientation relationship of the β phase, the α phase, and the FCC phase is (110)β//(0001)α// ( 1 1 ¯ 1 ) (1\bar{1}1) FCC and [ 1 ¯ 11 \bar{1}11 ]β//[ 2 1 ¯ 1 ¯ 0 2\bar{1}\bar{1}0 ]α//[011]FCC. The nanoscale strain field of FCC + α and β + α′ regions was analyzed by using the GPA technology. The FCC + α region shows more significant strain gradient than the α′ + β region, and ε FCC > ε α, ε α′ > ε β. The influence of element addition on the formation mechanism of the FCC phase was discussed. The addition of Zr promotes the formation of the FCC phase by inducing lattice distortion and reducing the stacking fault energy of the α phase. In addition, the Al element forms an obvious concentration gradient around the interface layer during the cooling process of the alloy, which provides a driving force for the formation of the FCC phase.

Epitaxial Ni nanoparticles on CaF2(001), (110) and (111) surfaces studied by three-dimensional RHEED, GIXD and GISAXS reciprocal-space mapping techniques

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 830-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Suturin ◽  
V. V. Fedorov ◽  
A. M. Korovin ◽  
N. S. Sokolov ◽  
A. V. Nashchekin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lattice Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Grazing Incidence ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Reciprocal Space ◽  
Mapping Technique ◽  
Face Centered Cubic ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cubic Lattice ◽  
Face Centered

The development of growth techniques aimed at the fabrication of nanoscale heterostructures with layers of ferroic 3dmetals on semiconductor substrates is very important for their potential usage in magnetic media recording applications. A structural study is presented of single-crystal nickel island ensembles grown epitaxially on top of CaF2/Si insulator-on-semiconductor heteroepitaxial substrates with (111), (110) and (001) fluorite surface orientations. The CaF2buffer layer in the studied multilayer system prevents the formation of nickel silicide, guides the nucleation of nickel islands and serves as an insulating layer in a potential tunneling spin injection device. The present study, employing both direct-space and reciprocal-space techniques, is a continuation of earlier research on ferromagnetic 3dtransition metals grown epitaxially on non-magnetic and magnetically ordered fluorides. It is demonstrated that arrays of stand-alone faceted nickel islands with a face-centered cubic lattice can be grown controllably on CaF2surfaces of (111), (110) and (001) orientations. The proposed two-stage nickel growth technique employs deposition of a thin seeding layer at low temperature followed by formation of the islands at high temperature. The application of an advanced three-dimensional mapping technique exploiting reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) has proved that the nickel islands tend to inherit the lattice orientation of the underlying fluorite layer, though they exhibit a certain amount of {111} twinning. As shown by scanning electron microscopy, grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) and grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS), the islands are of similar shape, being faceted with {111} and {100} planes. The results obtained are compared with those from earlier studies of Co/CaF2epitaxial nanoparticles, with special attention paid to the peculiarities related to the differences in lattice structure of the deposited metals: the dual-phase hexagonal close-packed/face-centered cubic lattice structure of cobalt as opposed to the single-phase face-centered cubic lattice structure of nickel.

scholarly journals Effect of strain rate on α-lath thickness of TC17 alloy after deformation and subsequent heat treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 321 ◽  
pp. 13003
Author(s):  
Zimin Lu ◽  
Jiao Luo ◽  
Miaoquan Li
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Electron Backscatter Diffraction ◽  
Phase Region ◽  
Subsequent Heat Treatment ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Optical Micrograph ◽  
Β Phase ◽  
Electron Backscatter ◽  
Backscatter Diffraction

Effect of strain rate on α-lath thickness of TC17 alloy with a basketweave microstructure was studied in the present work. For this purpose, this alloy was deformed in the β phase region and subsequently soluted and aged in α+β phase region. Moreover, optical micrograph (OM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) were applied to analyze the change of lath thickness at different strain rates. The result showed that α-lath thickness increased with increasing strain rate. This phenomenon was possibly attributed to the higher degree of variant selection (DVS) at higher strain rate (0.1 s-1). The higher DVS was beneficial for the formation of parallel α-lath colonies during cooling after deformation. And, these parallel α-lath colonies would more easily grow up and coarsen during subsequent heat treatment. Therefore, α-lath at higher strain rate is more thick.

scholarly journals The High-Temperature Deformation Behavior of As-Cast Ti90 Titanium Alloy

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1630
Author(s):  
Ke Wang ◽  
Yongqing Zhao ◽  
Weiju Jia ◽  
Silan Li ◽  
Chengliang Mao
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Alloy ◽  
Deformation Behavior ◽  
Processing Map ◽  
Electron Backscatter Diffraction ◽  
Phase Region ◽  
High Temperature Deformation ◽  
Temperature Deformation ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Β Phase

Isothermal compressions of as-cast near-α Ti90 titanium alloy were carried out on a Gleeble-3800 simulator in the temperature range of 860–1040 °C and strain rates of 0.001–10 s−1. The deformation behavior of the alloy was characterized based on the analyses of flow curves, the constructions of Arrhenius constitutive equations and the processing map. The microstructure evolution of the alloy was analyzed using the optical microscopic (OM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques. The results show that the kinking and dynamic globularization of α lamellae is the dominant mechanism of flow softening in the α + β two-phase region, while the dynamic recovery (DRV) of β phase is the main softening mechanism in the β single-phase region. The dynamic globularization of α lamellae is mainly caused by the wedging of β phase into α laths and the shearing of α laths due to imposed shear strain. The activation of prismatic and pyramidal slip is found to be easier than that of basic slip during the deformation in the α + β two-phase region. In addition, the Schmid factor of equiaxial α is different from that of lamellar α, which also varies with the angle between its geometric orientation and compression direction (CD). Based on the processing map, the low η region within the temperature range of 860–918 °C with a strain rate range of 0.318–10 s−1 should be avoided to prevent the occurrence of deformation instability.

scholarly journals Effect of Mo, V and Zr on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti2AlNb alloys

2020 ◽  
Vol 321 ◽  
pp. 08003
Author(s):  
Yujun Du ◽  
Xianghong Liu ◽  
Jinshan Li ◽  
Wenzhong Luo ◽  
Yongsheng He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Melting Process ◽  
Phase Region ◽  
Arc Furnace ◽  
Micro Hardness ◽  
Β Phase ◽  
Before And After ◽  
B2 Phase ◽  
O Phase

Small button ingots of Ti2AlNb alloys with different contents of Mo, V and Zr were melted by vacuum non-consumable arc furnace. Due to the rapid cooling rate during melting process, only β grains without precipitation were observed in most of the button ingots and no regular phenomenon was found. However, when the samples were heated to β phase region and then furnace cooled to room temperate, different morphologies and quantities of primary α phase and second O phase formed from the β grains of different samples. It is suggested that the morphology of α phase was changed from lamellar to quadrilateral with increasing V and the lath O increased with increasing Zr. Besides, the residual β/B2 phase increased with increasing Mo and V. The EDS results showed that Al and Zr were enriched in α phase whereas Nb, Mo and V were enriched in β/B2 phase. The micro-hardness of these samples before and after heat treatment was detected and the micro-hardness increased with increasing Zr and decreasing Mo and V.

Surface Effect in a Metastable β Ti-Nb-Sn Alloy

2021 ◽  
Vol 1035 ◽  
pp. 562-567
Author(s):  
Li Chun Qi ◽  
Wen Xiao Qu ◽  
Yong Qi Zhu ◽  
Qing Liu
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Alloys ◽  
Orientation Relationship ◽  
Surface Effect ◽  
Phase Region ◽  
Martensite Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Β Phase ◽  
Ω Phase

The phase compositions of surface and interior in Ti-32Nb-4Sn metastable b alloy were investigated. It was found that this alloy exhibits surface effect significantly different from the effects reported in Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, Ti-22Nb-9Zr and the other titanium alloys. The surface of Ti-32Nb-4Sn specimen quenched from single b phase region was characterized by dominant b phase and a few of α″ and ω phase. While in the interior of the alloy, a large amount of α² martensite phase was observed in addition to b phase The orientation relationship between the α″ martensite and β phase is (110)β∥(002)α″, (020)β∥(022)α″ and [001]β∥[100]α″.

Finer subgrain microstructure induced by multi-pass compression in α+β phase region in a near-β Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe alloy

2019 ◽  
Vol 788 ◽  
pp. 136-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhan Hu ◽  
Xiyi Zhou ◽  
Xi-an Nie ◽  
Siyu Zhao ◽  
Huiqun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Region ◽  
Β Phase

scholarly journals Ti-V-C-Based Alloy with a FCC Lattice Structure for Hydrogen Storage

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 552
Author(s):  
Bo Li ◽  
Liqing He ◽  
Jianding Li ◽  
Hai-Wen Li ◽  
Zhouguang Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Storage ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Lattice Structure ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Face Centered Cubic ◽  
Hydrogen Storage Materials ◽  
Fcc Lattice ◽  
Bcc Structure ◽  
Face Centered ◽  
Fcc Structure

Here we report a Ti50V50-10 wt.% C alloy with a unique lattice and microstructure for hydrogen storage development. Different from a traditionally synthesized Ti50V50 alloy prepared by a melting method and having a body-centered cubic (BCC) structure, this Ti50V50-C alloy synthesized by a mechanical alloying method is with a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure (space group: Fm-3m No. 225). The crystalline size is 60 nm. This alloy may directly absorb hydrogen near room temperature without any activation process. Mechanisms of the good kinetics from lattice and microstructure aspects were discussed. Findings reported here may indicate a new possibility in the development of future hydrogen storage materials.

scholarly journals High-Temperature Deformation Behavior and Microstructural Characterization of Ti-35421 Titanium Alloy

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 3623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danying Zhou ◽  
Hua Gao ◽  
Yanhua Guo ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Yuecheng Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Alloy ◽  
Dynamic Recrystallization ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Hot Deformation ◽  
Deformation Behavior ◽  
Deformation Temperature ◽  
Phase Region ◽  
Temperature Deformation ◽  
Β Phase ◽  
Α Phase

A self-designed Ti-35421 (Ti-3Al-5Mo-4Cr-2Zr-1Fe wt%) titanium alloy is a new type of low-cost high strength titanium alloy. In order to understand the hot deformation behavior of Ti-35421 alloy, isothermal compression tests were carried out under a deformation temperature range of 750–930 °C with a strain rate range of 0.01–10 s−1 in this study. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was used to characterize the microstructure prior to and post hot deformation. The results show that the stress–strain curves have obvious yielding behavior at a high strain rate (>0.1 s−1). As the deformation temperature increases and the strain rate decreases, the α phase content gradually decreases in the α + β phase region. Meanwhile, spheroidization and precipitation of α phase are prone to occur in the α + β phase region. From the EBSD analysis, the volume fraction of recrystallized grains was very low, so dynamic recovery (DRV) is the dominant deformation mechanism of Ti-35421 alloy. In addition to DRV, Ti-35421 alloy is more likely to occur in continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) than discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX).

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