THE REACTION OF PYRIDINE AND PICOLINES WITH 2-BROMO-2-NITRO-1,3-INDANDIONE

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 466-472
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Metro ◽  
Alfred Taurins
Keyword(s):  
Phthalic Acid ◽  
Main Reaction ◽  
Complex Reaction ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Water Solutions ◽  
Electronic Theory ◽  
Ordinary Temperature ◽  
Pyridine Salt

2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-indandione (I) reacts with pyridine in a complex reaction at ordinary temperature. The main reaction products are 2-nitro-1,3-indandione pyridine salt, pyridine hydrobromide, phthalic acid, and a black tar consisting of oxidized polymer of pyridine hydrobromide. The reaction of (I) with picolines follows the same route.The electronic theory has been applied to demonstrate the structure of 2-nitro-1,3-indandione (II). In water solutions or in salts (II) exists in the form of an anion which is stabilized by several resonating structures.

scholarly journals Use of Coal Bottom Ash and CaO-CaCl2-Activated GGBFS Binder in the Manufacturing of Artificial Fine Aggregates through Cold-Bonded Pelletization

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 5598
Author(s):  
Dongho Jeon ◽  
Woo Sung Yum ◽  
Haemin Song ◽  
Seyoon Yoon ◽  
Younghoon Bae ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Main Reaction ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Coal Bottom Ash ◽  
Heavy Metal Leaching ◽  
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag ◽  
Fine Aggregates ◽  
Cementless Binder

This study investigated the use of coal bottom ash (bottom ash) and CaO-CaCl2-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) binder in the manufacturing of artificial fine aggregates using cold-bonded pelletization. Mixture samples were prepared with varying added contents of bottom ash of varying added contents of bottom ash relative to the weight of the cementless binder (= GGBFS + quicklime (CaO) + calcium chloride (CaCl2)). In the system, the added bottom ash was not simply an inert filler but was dissolved at an early stage. As the ionic concentrations of Ca and Si increased due to dissolved bottom ash, calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) formed both earlier and at higher levels, which increased the strength of the earlier stages. However, the added bottom ash did not affect the total quantities of main reaction products, C-S-H and hydrocalumite, in later phases (e.g., 28 days), but simply accelerated the binder reaction until it had occurred for 14 days. After considering both the mechanical strength and the pelletizing formability of all the mixtures, the proportion with 40 relative weight of bottom ash was selected for the manufacturing of pilot samples of aggregates. The produced fine aggregates had a water absorption rate of 9.83% and demonstrated a much smaller amount of heavy metal leaching than the raw bottom ash.

scholarly journals Hot Corrosion Behavior of BaLa2Ti3O10 Thermal Barrier Ceramics in V2O5 and Na2SO4 + V2O5 Molten Salts

Coatings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Liu ◽  
Jin Cai ◽  
Jihong Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Hot Corrosion ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Main Reaction ◽  
Thermal Barrier ◽  
Dense Layer ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Corrosion Medium ◽  
Barrier Coating ◽  
Salt Corrosion

BaLa2Ti3O10 ceramics for thermal barrier coating (TBC) applications were fabricated, and exposed to V2O5 and Na2SO4 + V2O5 molten salts at 900 °C to investigate the hot corrosion behavior. After 4 h corrosion tests, the main reaction products resulting from V2O5 salt corrosion were LaVO4, TiO2, and Ba3V4O13, whereas those due to Na2SO4 + V2O5 corrosion consisted of LaVO4, TiO2, BaSO4 and some Ba3V4O13. The structures of reaction layers on the surfaces depended on the corrosion medium. In V2O5 salt, the layer was dense and had a thickness of 8–10 μm. While in Na2SO4 + V2O5 salt, it had a ~15 μm porous structure and a dense, thin band at the bottom. Beneath the dense layer or the band, no obvious molten salt was found. The mechanisms by which the reaction layer forms were discussed.

scholarly journals Chemical Denitrification with Mg0 Particles in Column Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessio Siciliano ◽  
Giulia Maria Curcio ◽  
Carlo Limonti
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Constant ◽  
Operating Parameter ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Main Reaction ◽  
Main Reaction Product ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Metallic Elements ◽  
Reactive Material ◽  
Maximum Reaction Rate ◽  
Maximum Reaction

The removal of nitrate from aqueous environments through zero-valent metallic elements is an attractive technique that has gained increasing interest in recent years. In comparison to other metallic elements, zero-valent magnesium (ZVM) has numerous beneficial aspects. Nevertheless, the use of Mg0 particles for nitrate reduction in column systems has not been investigated yet. To overcome the lack of research, in the present study, a wide experimental activity was carried out to develop a chemical denitrification process through ZVM in batch column equipment. Several tests were executed to evaluate the effects of recirculation hydraulic velocity, pH, Mg0 amount, N-NO3− initial concentration and temperature on the process performance. The results show that the process efficiency is positively influenced by the recirculation velocity increase. In particular, the optimal condition was detected with a value of 1 m/min. The process pH was identified as the main operating parameter. At pH 3, abatements higher than 86.6% were reached for every initial nitrate concentration tested. In these conditions, nitrogen gas was detected as the main reaction product. The pH increase up to values of 5 and 7 caused a drastic denitrification decline with observed efficiencies below 26%. At pH 3, the ratio (RMN) between Mg0 and initial nitrate amount also plays a key role in the treatment performance. A characteristic value of about RMN = 0.333 gMg0/mgN-NO3− was found with which it is possible to reach the maximum reaction rate. Unexpectedly, the process was negatively affected by the increase in temperature from 20 to 40 °C. At 20 °C, the material showed satisfactory denitrification efficiencies in subsequent reuse cycles. With the optimal RMN ratio, removals up to 90% were detected by reusing the reactive material three times. By means of a kinetic analysis, a mathematical law able to describe the nitrate abatement curves was defined. Moreover, the relation between the observed kinetic constant and the operating parameters was recognized. Finally, the reaction pathways were proposed and the corrosion reaction products formed during the treatment were identified.

Oxidative Stress Relaxation of Natural Rubber Vulcanized with Di-Tertiary-Butyl Peroxide

1956 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 1043-1046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svein Ore
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Main Reaction ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Tertiary Butyl ◽  
Butyl Peroxide

Abstract It has been shown by Farmer and Moore that natural rubber can be vulcanized with di-tert.-butyl peroxide (DTBP), Presumably the free radicals formed by the unimolecular decomposition of the peroxide abstract some of the more labile (e.g., α-methylenic) hydrogen atoms, leading to direct C—C crosslinks between the rubber molecules, with tert.-butanol and acetone as the main reaction products. This preliminary communication presents some of the results of an investigation of the oxidative stress relaxation of the following types of DTBP vulcanizates. (A) First grade pale crepe, DTBP, and carbon black (MPC) mixed on the mill and vulcanized in a press. The carbon black was added to minimize the deleterious effect of impurities. (B) Purified rubber vulcanized: (1) in aqueous heating media; (2) in the press; (3) in DTBP vapor.

Oligomerization of pent-1-ene over zeolite catalysts

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-315
Author(s):  
N. G. Grigoryeva ◽  
D. V. Serebrennikov ◽  
S. V. Bubennov ◽  
B. I. Kutepov
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Properties ◽  
Acid Sites ◽  
Zeolite Catalysts ◽  
Main Reaction ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Fuel Components ◽  
Channel Systems

Oligomerization of pent-1-ene is an effective process for synthesis of high-quality environmentally friendly fuel components. Catalytic properties of H-zeolites FAU, OFF, MOR, ВЕА, MTW and MFI were studied for synthesis of pentene oligomers in an autoclave at 110–200 °C. The wide-pore structure of H-Y and H-Beta (18) zeolites and the high concentration of acid sites were established to cause the high oligomerization activity to obtain 97–100 % yields of oligomers. Oligomers obtained over these catalysts comprised, depending on the reaction conditions, 30–73 % dimers, 25–50 % trimers and 2–14 % oligomers with more than three monomer units (n > 3). Fine-pore zeolites (H-ZSM-5) and zeolites with one-dimensional channel systems (H-OFF, H-MOR, H-ZSM-12) were less active to oligomerization of pent-1-ene, decenes being the main reaction products.

Kinetic Studies of Hydrodeoxygenation of Ethyl Ester of Decane Acid over a Ni-Cu-Mo/Al2O3 Catalyst

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
R. G. Kukushkin ◽  
S. I. Reshetnikov ◽  
S. G. Zavarukhin ◽  
P. M. Eletskiy ◽  
V. A. Yakovlev
Keyword(s):  
Contact Time ◽  
Noble Metals ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Nickel Catalysts ◽  
Effective Rate ◽  
Main Reaction ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Fixed Catalyst

Nickel-based catalysts for hydrodeoxygenation of vegetable oils are an alternative to the systems based on noble metals and sulfide catalysts for hydrotreatment. Modification of the nickel catalysts with molybdenum and copper allows the yield of target products to be increased and the corrosion resistance of the catalytic system to be improved. The studies were aimed at establishing relationships between temperature, contact time and activity of the modified nickel-containing catalyst to hydroxygenation of esters of fatty carboxylic acids, as well as at determining effective kinetic parameters of the reactant consumption. A flow reactor with the fixed catalyst bed was used for experimental studies at РН2 = 0.25 MPa, temperatures 270, 285, 300 and 315 °C, contact time varied from 600 to 1800 s. It was shown that the selectivity to the main reaction products – nonane and decane – did not change upon varying the reaction temperature and contact time. The experimental data were used for determining the effective rate constants and activation energy of the reaction.

Study on Oxidation Behavior of (W,Mo)Si2 Powders in Air at 400, 500 and 600°C

2007 ◽  
Vol 534-536 ◽  
pp. 1289-1292
Author(s):  
Pei Zhong Feng ◽  
Xuan Hui Qu ◽  
Xiao Hong Wang ◽  
Akthar Farid
Keyword(s):  
Oxidation Rate ◽  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Main Reaction ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Low Temperature Oxidation ◽  
Amorphous Sio2 ◽  
Temperature Oxidation ◽  
Mass Volume ◽  
Lower Oxidation

The oxidation of (W,Mo)Si2 powders has been examined at 400, 500 and 600°C for 12.0 hours in air. It was shown that the low temperature oxidation resistance of (W,Mo)Si2 was worse than that of MoSi2, and they showed great changes in mass, volume and colour. At 500°C, the amount of volume expansion of (W,Mo)Si2 was as high as about 7~8 times and color changed from black to yellow after 4.0h with MoO3, WO3, (W,Mo)O3 and amorphous SiO2 as main reaction products. It took about 8.0h to obtain the same results for MoSi2. The mass gain and oxidation rate were relatively slower at 400°C and 600°C than that at 500°C. These were probably due to the lower oxidation rate at 400°C and the protective silica glass on surface of powders formed from the volatilization of MoO3, WO3 and (W,Mo)O3 at 600°C, which would restrain the diffusion of molybdenum from matrix to exterior and oxygen from outside to inside and the further accelerated oxidation.

scholarly journals Copper (II) Mediated Oxidative Alkoxylation of White Phosphorus. Communication 1.

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (3,4) ◽  
pp. 259
Author(s):  
R.R. Abdreimova ◽  
F.Kh. Faizova ◽  
A.A. Karimova
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ion ◽  
Phosphorous Acid ◽  
Inert Atmosphere ◽  
White Phosphorus ◽  
Main Reaction ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Dimethyl Phosphite ◽  
Trialkyl Phosphates ◽  
Oxidative Alkoxylation ◽  
Kinetics Of

White phosphorus has been oxidized by copper (II) acetylacetonate, halides or carboxylates in aliphatic alcohols to yield dialkyl phosphates and trialkyl phosphates under inert atmosphere and mild reaction conditions. Trialkyl phosphite has been observed as unstable organophosphorus intermediate, which is being converted into the main reaction products. In the case of methanolic solutions, the derivatives of two step acidolysis of dimethyl phosphite, monomethyl phosphite and phosphorous acid, have been additionally detected among the reaction products. The influence of the copper (II) oxidants on the kinetics of accumulation and transmutation of organophosphorus products has been explored. The order of oxidative ability of the copper (II) compounds has been established. The major steps of the reaction including (i) the coordination of white phosphorus and alcohol to metal ion and (ii) the redox decomposition of this intermediate complex accompanied by reducing elimination of elementary copper and formation of organophosphorus product have been also suggested.

scholarly journals Characterization of Tribofilm from Sulfurized Mohwa Oil

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Arun Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Iron Sulfide ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Main Reaction ◽  
Main Reaction Product ◽  
Iron Sulfides ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Load Carrying

The reaction products of sulfurized Mohwa oil with iron powder in hydrocarbon medium at 150°C for 8 h were studied to investigate the type of lubricant films formed during their application as antiwear and extreme pressure additives. The main reaction product was isolated on the basis of its solubility in mixed solvent. Surface characterization was carried out using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and high frequency reciprocal rig (HFRR). An examination of their elemental analysis and instrumental analysis data reveals that there is reduction in the length of the alkyl chains and carbonyl ester groups with formation of inorganic iron sulfides. Polymerized product with a number of ketonic and aldehydic groups containing iron and sulfur in the polymeric films in the form of unsaturated cyclic rings was also formed. The films are organo-inorganic in nature, unlike the purely inorganic iron sulfide type. The load-carrying characteristic of this product is strongly influenced by the type of the film formed on the iron surfaces.

scholarly journals Low-temperature electrocatalytic conversion of CO2 to liquid fuels: effect of the Cu particle size

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio De Lucas-Consuegra ◽  
Juan Carlos Serrano-Ruiz ◽  
Nuria Gutierrez-Guerra ◽  
José Luis Valverde
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Electrocatalytic Activity ◽  
Water Electrolysis ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Main Reaction ◽  
Membrane Electrode ◽  
Reaction Products

A novel gas-phase electrocatalytic system based on a low-temperature proton exchange membrane (Sterion) was developed for the gas phase electrocatalytic conversion of CO2 to liquid fuels. This system achieved gas-phase electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 at low temperatures (below 90 ºC) over a Cu cathode by using water electrolysis-derived protons generated in-situ on an IrO2 anode. Three Cu-based cathodes with varying metal particle sizes were prepared by supporting this metal on an activated carbon at three loadings (50, 20, and 10 wt%; 50%Cu-AC, 20%Cu-AC, and 10%Cu-AC, respectively). The cathodes were characterized by N2 adsorption–desorption, temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) whereas their performance towards the electrocatalytic conversion of CO2 was subsequently studied. The membrane electrode assembly (MEA) containing the cathode with the largest Cu particle size (50%Cu-AC, 40 nm) showed the highest CO2 electrocatalytic activity per mole of Cu, with methyl formate being the main product. This higher electrocatalytic activity was attributed to the lower Cu–CO bonding strength over large Cu particles. Different product distributions were obtained over 20%Cu-AC and 10%Cu-AC, with acetaldehyde and methanol being the main reaction products, respectively. The CO2 consumption rate increased with the applied current and the reaction temperature.

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