THE EXCHANGE OF IODINE BETWEEN INORGANIC IODIDES AND n-BUTYL IODIDE

1951 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Hodgson ◽  
H. G. V. Evans ◽  
C. A. Winkler
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Inorganic Salt ◽  
Activation Energies ◽  
Acetonitrile Solution ◽  
Exchange Reactions ◽  
Complex Ions ◽  
Iodide Ion

Lithium, sodium, and caesium iodides are highly ionized in acetonitrile solution and have practically the same rates and activation energies (18 kcal. per mole) for their exchange reactions with n-butyl iodide in this solvent. There seems little doubt, therefore, that these exchange reactions occur between the organic iodide and iodide ion derived from the inorganic salt. Zinc and cadmium iodides, and iodine, are only slightly ionized in acetonitrile and exchange with n-butyl iodide with rates that are widely different from one another and from the rate of iodide ion exchange. The activation energies are 21.9, 20.6, and 17.5 kcal. per mole respectively. It is concluded that these exchange reactions involve predominantly complex ions.

scholarly journals Radio Analytical Nondestructive Technique in Performance Evaluation of Organic Base Ion Exchange Resins Purolite NRW-6000 and Duolite A-378

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 77-89
Author(s):  
P.U. Singare
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Isotopic Exchange ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Ion Exchange Resins ◽  
Organic Base ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Exchange Reactions ◽  
Nondestructive Technique ◽  
Iodide Ion ◽  
Exchange Resins

Nondestructive radioanalytical technique using short lived isotopes 131I and 82Br was used as tracers to study the kinetics of iodide and bromide ion-isotopic exchange reactions. The kinetic data so obtained was used to evaluate the performance of organic base anion exchange resins Purolite NRW-6000 and Duolite A-378. It was observed that for iodide ion-isotopic exchange reaction performed at 40.0 °C using 1.000 g of ion exchange resins and 0.003 mol/L labeled iodide ion solution, the values of specific reaction rate (min-1), amount of iodide ion exchanged (mmol), initial rate of iodide ion exchange (mmol/min) and log Kd were calculated as 0.332, 0.582, 0.193 and 16.2 respectively for Purolite NRW-6000 resin, which was higher than the respective values of 0.210, 0.421, 0.088 and 14.7 as that obtained for Duolite A-378 resins. Also at a constant temperature of 40.0 °C, as the concentration of labeled iodide ion solution increases from 0.001 mol/L to 0.004 mol/L, the percentage of iodide ions exchanged increases from 74.68% to 79.48% using Purolite NRW-6000 resins and from 52.30% to 58.90% using Duolite A-378 resins. The overall results indicate superior performance of Purolite NRW-6000 resins over Duolite A-378 resins under identical operational parameters. It is expected here that the present technique can be extended further for characterization of different ion exchange resins which will further help in the selection of those reins for the specific industrial application.

EXCHANGE REACTIONS OF IODIDE ION WITH AROMATIC IODIDES

1951 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Kristjanson ◽  
C. A. Winkler
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energies ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Exchange Reactions ◽  
First Order ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Iodide Ion

The exchange reactions of iodide ion with o- and p-nitroiodobenzene in the temperature range about 170°–238°C were apparently second order with activation energies of approximately 29 and 33.5 kcal. per mole respectively. In the same temperature range the exchange of iodide ion with iodobenzene and m-nitroiodobenzene appeared to be first order reactions, with activation energies of approximately 25 kcal. per mole.

scholarly journals Application of Nondestructive Radio Tracer Technique in Performance Evaluation of Anion Exchange Resins Duolite ARA-9366 and Duolite A-171

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 63-76
Author(s):  
P.U. Singare
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Anion Exchange ◽  
Isotopic Exchange ◽  
Nuclear Grade ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Exchange Reactions ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Anion Exchange Resins ◽  
Iodide Ion ◽  
Exchange Resins

Radio analytical technique as a non-destructive technique was used in the present investigation to trace the kinetics of ion-isotopic exchange reaction taking place in Duolite ARA-9366 (nuclear grade) and Duolite A-171 (non-nuclear grade) anion exchange resins. The kinetics data suggest that during iodide ion-isotopic exchange reactions under identical experimental conditions of 40.00C, 1.000 g of ion exchange resins and 0.003 M labeled iodide ion solution, the values of specific reaction rate (min-1), amount of iodide ion exchanged (mmol), initial rate of iodide ion exchange (mmol/min) and log Kd were 0.176, 0.383, 0.067 and 7.8 respectively for Duolite ARA-9366 resin, which was higher than 0.142, 0.353, 0.050 and 7.0 respectively as that obtained for Duolite A-171 resins. Also it is observed that at a constant temperature of 40.0 °C, as the concentration of labeled iodide ion solution increases 0.001 M to 0.004 M, the percentage of iodide ions exchanged increases from 49.20% to 51.80% for Duolite ARA-9366 resins; and from 45.20% to 47.80% for Duolite A-171 resins. The similar trend was observed for the two resins during bromide ion-isotopic exchange reactions. The overall results indicate superior performance of Duolite ARA-9366 resins over Duolite A-171 resins under identical operational parameters.

scholarly journals Ion Exchange Lithography: Localized Ion Exchange Reactions for Spatial Patterning of Perovskite Semiconductors and Insulators

2021 ◽  
pp. 2005291
Author(s):  
Lukas Helmbrecht ◽  
Moritz H. Futscher ◽  
Loreta A. Muscarella ◽  
Bruno Ehrler ◽  
Willem L. Noorduin
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Spatial Patterning ◽  
Exchange Reactions

Orthogonal Investigation of Influencing Factors on the Modification of Montmorillonite by THPC in Acid Conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 936 ◽  
pp. 1017-1021
Author(s):  
Pan Chen ◽  
Jin Cheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Orthogonal Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Phosphonium Salts ◽  
Exchange Reactions ◽  
Quaternary Phosphonium Salts

Na-MMT was modified with quaternary phosphonium salts, tetramethylolphosphonium chloride (THPC), via ion-exchange reactions, in acid conditions. Different factors such as reaction time , reaction temperature, the types of solvent, and CEC ratios, were investigated using orthogonal test. Results showed that the best combination of these four factors were A1B3C1D1, that is, the type of the solvent was acetone and water (1:1), reaction time was 3h, CEC ratio was 1:1, and the reaction temperature was 80°C.

Kinetics of Ion-Exchange Reactions in Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Perovskite Thin Films Studied by In Situ Real-Time X-ray Scattering

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (23) ◽  
pp. 6750-6754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Greco ◽  
Alexander Hinderhofer ◽  
M. Ibrahim Dar ◽  
Neha Arora ◽  
Jan Hagenlocher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Exchange Reactions ◽  
Inorganic Perovskite ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Kinetics Of Ion Exchange

scholarly journals Thermodynamic Computations for Ion Exchange and Surface Protonation Reactions and the Implications for Acid Induced Contact Angle Evolution in Silica Rich Saline Aquifer Systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Mumuni Amadu ◽  
Adango Miadonye
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Gas Injection ◽  
Saline Aquifer ◽  
Geological Storage ◽  
Water Mobility ◽  
Free Energies ◽  
Exchange Reactions ◽  
Rock Interaction ◽  
Aquifer Systems ◽  
Thermodynamic Computations

To reduce current high concentrations of anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere to levels stipulated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, geological sequestration has been universally proposed. On the basis of cost analysis and global availability, deep saline aquifers are the prime targets for most proposed commercial and pilot scale projects.While the geological storage of anthropogenic carbon dioxide is expected to mitigate global warming, the technical aspects of the injection deserve to be considered for efficient injection projects. The water rock interaction phenomenon occurs due to carbonic acid generation which causes surface protonation reactions and has the potential to decrease water wettability of the system leading to enhanced water mobility and efficient gas injection. Therefore, for a saline aquifer rock with minerals capable of ion exchange reactions that consume solution protons, the wettability of such a system is likely to be preserved leading to reduced water mobility and poor gas injection. Generally, the extents to which surface protonation and ion exchange reactions occur depend on the free energy change of the reaction.In this paper, we have carried out thermodynamic computations for the free energies of surface protonation and ion exchange reactions. Based on the values of computed free energies, which show that ion exchange reactions have lower free energies, we have discussed the wettability implications for geological storage in silica rich saline aquifer systems.

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