Separation of bitumen from oil sands using a switchable hydrophilicity solvent

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (10) ◽  
pp. 805-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Holland ◽  
Dominik Wechsler ◽  
Anjali Patel ◽  
Brian M. Molloy ◽  
Alaina R. Boyd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Oil Sands ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Carbonated Water ◽  
Switchable Hydrophilicity Solvent

Separation of bitumen from oil sands is far more efficient with an organic solvent than with the conventional hot water (Clark) process, but the removal of the organic solvent from the bitumen requires distillation. Distillation is problematic because of the energy cost and the need for a volatile solvent (which is therefore likely to be flammable and smog-forming). A switchable hydrophilicity solvent (SHS) is a solvent that is water-miscible in the presence of an atmosphere of CO2 but separates from water when CO2 is absent. Extraction of bitumen from low-grade high-fines oil sands using a SHS (CyNMe2) is efficient, removing 94%–97% of the bitumen. The resulting solids (sand and clay) are dry, free-flowing, and contaminated with only 0.4 wt % of bitumen and as little as 102 ppm of the solvent. No distillation step was required to recover the solvent from the bitumen. Instead, carbonated water extraction removed the solvent from the oil. Losses of the CyNMe2 solvent were, for the best method, 0.06 grams of solvent per gram of bitumen recovered. The method recovers more oil than the Clark process, produces cleaner solids, works with low-grade high-fines oil sands, and requires neither distillation nor a volatile solvent.

Study on Chemical Compositions of Manihot Esculenta Crantz(M. utilissima Pohl)Stalks

2011 ◽  
Vol 236-238 ◽  
pp. 394-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Jin Chen ◽  
Yue Li ◽  
Qiu Ming Su ◽  
Li Juan Qu ◽  
Dong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Acid Soluble Lignin ◽  
Soluble Lignin

The chemical compositions of Manihot esculenta crantz(M. utilissima Pohl)stalks were investigated, the contents of phenolic hydroxyl group and UV spectra of lignin were determined by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. The result showed that the chemical compositions of Manihot esculenta crantz(M. utilissima Pohl)stalks were as follows: ashes 4.97%, cold water extraction 12.04%, hot water extraction 12.57%, 1% sodium hydroxide solution extraction 34.16%, benzene-alcohol solution extraction 4.20%, nitric acid-alcohol cellulose 35.86%, holo-cellulose 72.62%, pentosan 19.20%, acid-soluble lignin 2.51%, acid-insoluble lignin 26.10%, organic solvent-soluble lignin 1.07%, pectin content is 0.02%; it can be used as a non-wood renewable source of natural products.Phenolic hydroxyl content of organic solvent-soluble lignin and acid-insoluble lignin are 1.245 mmol·g-1 and 0.261mmol·g-1 respectively; the maximum absorption wavelength of organic solvent-soluble lignin and acid-soluble lignin in the UV region is near to 205 nm and 280 nm, but shifts to long wavelength or short wavelength with the nature of the different solvents.

Study on Chemical Compositions and Elements of Artocarpus Heterophyllus Lam Wood

2010 ◽  
Vol 168-170 ◽  
pp. 805-808
Author(s):  
Cong Jin Chen ◽  
Xiu Tuan Yang ◽  
Jian Ju Luo ◽  
Wen Qin
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Hydroxyl Content ◽  
Artocarpus Heterophyllus ◽  
Acid Soluble Lignin ◽  
Soluble Lignin

The chemical compositions of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam wood were investigated and content of trace elements in wood were determined. The result showed that the chemical compositions of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam wood are as following: ashes 15.5 g•kg-1, cold water extraction 35.2 g•kg-1, hot water extraction 55.1 g•kg-1, 1%NaOH extraction 157.7 g•kg-1, benzene-alcohol extraction 79.2 g•kg-1, sodium nitrate-alcohol cellulose 467.6 g•kg-1, holo-cellulose 709.8 g•kg-1, pentosan 212.6 g•kg-1,Acid-soluble lignin 44.9 g•kg-1, Acid insoluble lignin 237.4 g•kg-1, Organic solvent soluble lignin 248.3g•kg-1, Phenolic hydroxyl content of organic solvent soluble lignin 0.25 mmol•g-1; the content of 12 trace elements in Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam wood are: Fe 959μg.g-1, Mn 9.37μg.g-1, Cu 5.60μg.g-1, Zn 17.1μg.g-1, Ca 2.26 mg.g -1, Mg 433μg.g-1, Na 28.1μg.g-1, K 1.05 mg.g-1, Al 46.2 μg.g-1, Pb 0.603 μg.g-1, Cd and Ni were not detected.

Effect of Ultrasonic Wave on Lentinan Extraction

2011 ◽  
Vol 291-294 ◽  
pp. 1339-1343
Author(s):  
Wen Bo Zhang ◽  
Hong Rui Li ◽  
Jun Tao ◽  
Bing Bing Dong
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Extraction Technique ◽  
Orthogonal Experimental Design ◽  
Extraction Temperature ◽  
Lentinus Edodes ◽  
Extraction Condition ◽  
Hot Water Extraction ◽  
Extraction Parameters

The research in this paper optimized the extraction technique of lentinan with ultrasonic assistant method on the basis of hot water extraction technique, and investigated the promoting function of ultrasound to polysaccharides extraction. Extraction condition was selected by means of orthogonal experimental design, four factors and three levels L9(34), after key elements were respectively chosen through single factor experiments. Comparison between optimal extraction parameters of two method, hot water extraction technique and ultrasonic assistant extraction technique, showed decreased extraction temperature and significantly shortened extraction time, which existed in the second means, improved the extraction efficiency. Lentinus edodes polysaccharide extracted with ultrasonic assistant technique, the extraction rate and polysaccharide content percentage increased 6.22% and 8.66% respectively, comparative to which extracted with hot water extraction technique.

scholarly journals Optimization of the extraction of galactoglucomannans from Pinus halepensis

Holzforschung ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nacera Benouadah ◽  
Andrey Pranovich ◽  
Djamel Aliouche ◽  
Jalel Labidi ◽  
Stefan Willför
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Pinus Halepensis ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Hot Water Extraction ◽  
Extraction Processes ◽  
Extraction Parameters

AbstractThe effectiveness of pressurized hot-water extraction conditions for obtaining galactoglucomannans (GGMs) from Pinus halepensis suitable for applications like coatings and films packaging was investigated. For this purpose, high molar masses with high yields are required, presenting a serious challenge for hot-water extraction processes. The extraction of GGMs was carried out in an accelerated solvent extractor (ASE) and the isolation was performed by precipitation in ethanol. Three temperatures in the range 160–180 °C and five extraction times 5–90 min were tested in order to optimize extraction parameters of GGMs, avoiding thermal and chemical degradation in hot-water. Total dissolved solids (TDS) were determined gravimetrically after freeze-drying and weight average molar masses (Mw) were determined by high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). Total non-cellulosic carbohydrates were determined by gas chromatography (GC) after acid methanolysis. Free monomers were additionally analyzed by GC. Lignin in water extracts was measured by an ultraviolet (UV) method. Acetic acid was determined after alkaline hydrolysis of acetyl groups and analyzed by HPSEC. The main parameters influencing the extraction processes of the GGMs, namely, extraction time and temperature were studied. Optimal extraction parameters of GGMs were identified at 170 °C and 20 min extraction time, with average Mw of extracted fraction of 7 kDa leading to a GGM yield of approximately 56 ${\text{mgg}}_{\text{o}.\text{d}.\text{m}}^{-1}$, corresponding to 6% on dry wood basis.

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