Synthesis of both isomers of aziridine derived from the mixture of cis- and trans-limonene oxide

2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (8) ◽  
pp. 1117-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Mehrabi
Keyword(s):  
Scale Up ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Efficient Route ◽  
Limonene Oxide ◽  
Cis And Trans

A short and efficient route is described for both isomers of aziridine derived from the commercially available 1:1 mixture of limonene oxides. The process is amenable to scale-up and allows easy access to multigram quantities of these useful chiral building blocks.

ESSENTIAL OILS AND THEIR CONSTITUENTS: XXVII. COMPOSITION OF OIL OF GINGERGRASS

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 521-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Nigam ◽  
Ishwar C. Nigam ◽  
Leo Levi
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Aromatic Compound ◽  
Limonene Oxide ◽  
Cis And Trans

Oil of gingergrass was found to contain the following as yet unreported constituents: trans-p-menthene-8-diol-1,2; cis- and trans-carveol; cis- and trans-dihydrocarvone; piperitenone and limonene oxide. The presence of an aromatic compound for which gas chromatographic and infrared criteria of identity were determined was also demonstrated. Limonene oxide is probably the most important precursor of these and related monoterpenoids of the essential oil.

ChemInform Abstract: Cyclopropyl Building Blocks in Organic Synthesis. Part 50. An Easy Access to Bicyclic Peptides with an Octahydro[2H]pyrazino[1,2-a]pyrazine Skeleton.

ChemInform ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (36) ◽  
pp. no-no
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Belov ◽  
Christian Funke ◽  
Thomas Labahn ◽  
Mazen Es-Sayed ◽  
Armin de Meijere
Keyword(s):  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Easy Access

scholarly journals Governing Blocks: Building Interagency Consensus to Coordinate Humanitarian Aid

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farah Awan ◽  
Soheib Nunhuck
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Humanitarian Aid ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
Food Purchases ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Assistance Programme ◽  
Food Shortages

The conflict in Syria has led to one of the biggest refugee crises in history. An estimated 660,000 Syrian refugees have moved to neighbouring Jordan, many of whom are highly vulnerable to monetary poverty and food shortages. To reduce the daily inequalities faced by Syrian refugees, humanitarian agencies are progressively shifting to programmes that encourage financial inclusion and self-reliance. Operating since 2016, Building Blocks, a cash-based assistance programme created by the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP), uses blockchain technology rather than traditional financial service providers to supply monetary assistance for food purchases by Syrian refugees in Jordan. Beneficiaries have their identities confirmed though iris scanning when purchasing goods at supermarkets within the camps. Following authentication, monetary assistance is provided to complete the transaction. This system benefits over 100,000 Syrian refugees registered on the UNHCR’s PRIMES database and WFP has plans to scale up the programme to include more beneficiaries. This technology assessment focuses on understanding the governance of blockchain technology in Building Blocks (if any), and on finding opportunities for WFP operating partner agencies consisting of UNHCR, UNICEF, UN Women, Oxfam and Mercy Corps, to coordinate with and join the programme. Scaling up Building Blocks will benefit refugees and displaced people by giving these individuals a semblance of normalcy in a situation of vulnerability and crises. We advise WFP to collaborate with its partners to form a blockchain humanitarian consortia governing Building Blocks to avoid duplicating efforts and to achieve their shared objectives of delivering humanitarian aid in a sustainable manner. Other recommendations include to have UNOCHA and UNHCR as data aggregator and coordinator, respectively, to grant joint access to PRIMES for non-UN operating partners, to coordinate efforts with UNHCR’s Common Cash Facility programme, to consider renewable energy sources and to build local technical capacity for women in refugee camps. The involvement of operating partners in governing technology used in such processes will ensure equity of aid delivery, resulting in a broader governance, thus reducing inequality.

scholarly journals Role of the Global Fund in national HIV/AIDS response in Myanmar: a qualitative study

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zarni Htun ◽  
Yingxi Zhao ◽  
Hannah Gilbert ◽  
Chunling Lu
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Health System ◽  
Global Fund ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Key Informants ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract Background The Global Fund has been a major funding source for HIV/AIDS programs in Myanmar. In this qualitative study, we aim to understand the impact of Global Fund on national HIV/AIDS response in Myanmar during the era of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Methods We conducted individual in-depth interviews by recruiting key informants through purposive snowball sampling. The respondents were engaged in the national/subnational response to HIV/AIDS in Myanmar and worked for the United Nations agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and civil society. Interview questions were organized around the role of Global Fund in strengthening national response to HIV/AIDS in the six building blocks of the Myanmar’s health system. Transcripts from the key informants were synthesized into specific themes through a deductive approach. Results We found that the Global Fund has provided substantial support to (1) finance the national HIV/AIDS response in Myanmar, and (2) strengthen leadership and governance at the central level through improving coordination and collaboration, including more stakeholders (e.g. civil society, NGOs) in decision making process, and catalyzing policy changes on scaling-up key interventions. Yet, its role remains limited in addressing new demands at the township level in terms of capacity building, staffing, and medical supply resulting from rapid scale-up of HIV interventions and decentralization of service delivery in the public sector. Conclusion There was a missed opportunity for Myanmar to capitalize on the use of the Global Fund’s funding to strengthen the health system. Deliberate planning is required to optimize the use of those scarce resources to provide universal coverage for HIV/AIDS.

scholarly journals NaIO4/Br- as a mild system for the oxidation of 1-methyl-anthra-9,10-quinones

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Cybulski ◽  
Adam Formela ◽  
Katarzyna Sidoryk ◽  
Olga Michalak ◽  
Anna Rosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Lithium Bromide ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Cell ◽  
Direct Oxidation ◽  
Reaction Conditions

One of the anthraquinone classes comprises compounds with a carbonyl group. These natural or synthetic anthraquinones find their application as building blocks in the synthesis of the compounds with a biological activity. Recently, 4-substituted anthra-9,10-quinone-1-carboxylic acids (2) have been used as key intermediates in the synthesis of patented compounds (3) with anticancer activity against multidrug resistant cell lines. Although 2,7-dihydro-3H-dibenz[de,h]cinnolin-3,7-diones (3) were successfully synthetized in a small laboratory scale, several problems were observed during the preparation of their acid intermediates (2) in a multi-gram scale. The known methods for the preparation of 2 are based on the oxidation of the methyl group in anthra-9,10-quinones (1). The most common are: the oxidation with the diluted nitric acid under high pressure in a sealed tube at the temperature of 195-220 oC, the oxidation in nitrobenzene by passing chlorine gas through the reaction mixture at the temperature of 160-170 oC or in a presence of the fuming sulphuric acid. The mentioned methods require aggressive reagents and specific reaction conditions including high pressure and temperature. Thus, there was a need to find a new efficient, cost-effective and reproducible synthetic method of preparation of 2. While searching literature it was found that the direct oxidation of alkylarenes mediated by the sodium periodate/lithium bromide combination produces benzyl acetates throughout benzyl bromides in the acetic acid, or benzylic acids in the diluted inorganic acid. Based on these results we examined a variety of reaction conditions with or without the bromine source and the oxidizing anion. As a result, a novel procedure for the preparation of highly pure 4-substituted anthra-9,10-quinone-1-carboxylic acids (HPLC > 99.5%) using oxidizing anion/ brominating reagent system was developed. It enabled 2 isolation by the simple filtration of the reaction mixture and was applied in the scale-up of 2,7-dihydro-3H-dibenz[de,h]cinnolin-3,7-dione derivatives.

scholarly journals InDel assembly: A novel framework for engineering protein loops through length and compositional variation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro A. G. Tizei ◽  
Emma Harris ◽  
Marleen Renders ◽  
Vitor B. Pinheiro
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Specificity ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Sequence Length ◽  
Compositional Variation ◽  
Length Variation ◽  
Dna Assembly ◽  
Sequence Composition ◽  
Efficient Route ◽  
Generation Sequencing ◽  
Protein Loops

AbstractInsertions and deletions (indels) are known to affect function, biophysical properties and substrate specificity of enzymes, and they play a central role in evolution. Despite such clear significance, this class of mutation remains an underexploited tool in protein engineering with no available platforms capable of systematically generating or analysing libraries of varying sequence composition and length. We present a novel DNA assembly platform (InDel assembly), based on cycles of endonuclease restriction and ligation of standardised dsDNA building blocks, that can generate libraries exploring both composition and sequence length variation. In addition, we developed a framework to analyse the output of selection from InDel-generated libraries, combining next generation sequencing and alignment-free strategies for sequence analysis. We demonstrate the approach by engineering the well-characterized TEM-1 β-lactamase Ω-loop, involved in substrate specificity, identifying multiple novel extended spectrum β-lactamases with loops of modified length and composition areas of the sequence space not previously explored. Together, the InDel assembly and analysis platforms provide an efficient route to engineer protein loops or linkers where sequence length and composition are both essential functional parameters.

scholarly journals Theoretical and Experimental Sets of Choice Anode/Cathode Architectonics for High-Performance Full-Scale LIB Built-up Models

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Khalifa ◽  
S. A. El-Safty ◽  
A. Reda ◽  
M. A. Shenashen ◽  
M. M. Selim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Coulombic Efficiency ◽  
Density Functional Theory Calculation ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
High Energy Density

Abstract To control the power hierarchy design of lithium-ion battery (LIB) built-up sets for electric vehicles (EVs), we offer intensive theoretical and experimental sets of choice anode/cathode architectonics that can be modulated in full-scale LIB built-up models. As primary structural tectonics, heterogeneous composite superstructures of full-cell-LIB (anode//cathode) electrodes were designed in closely packed flower agave rosettes TiO2@C (FRTO@C anode) and vertical-star-tower LiFePO4@C (VST@C cathode) building blocks to regulate the electron/ion movement in the three-dimensional axes and orientation pathways. The superpower hierarchy surfaces and multi-directional orientation components may create isosurface potential electrodes with mobile electron movements, in-to-out interplay electron dominances, and electron/charge cloud distributions. This study is the first to evaluate the hotkeys of choice anode/cathode architectonics to assemble different LIB–electrode platforms with high-mobility electron/ion flows and high-performance capacity functionalities. Density functional theory calculation revealed that the FRTO@C anode and VST-(i)@C cathode architectonics are a superior choice for the configuration of full-scale LIB built-up models. The integrated FRTO@C//VST-(i)@C full-scale LIB retains a huge discharge capacity (~ 94.2%), an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.85% after 2000 cycles at 1 C, and a high energy density of 127 Wh kg−1, thereby satisfying scale-up commercial EV requirements.

Optically Pure Aminopolyols and Polyoxamic Acid Derivatives from Aziridine-2-carboxylates

1999 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heribert Dollt ◽  
Volker Zabel
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Effects ◽  
Michael Addition ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Bulky Substituent ◽  
Cis And Trans ◽  
Optically Pure ◽  
The Michael Addition

Various new chiral building blocks could easily be prepared from optically pure cis and trans ethyl 3-(1′,3′- dioxolan-4′-yl)aziridine-2-carboxylates. A stereochemically pure 1,3-dioxolan in the allyl position of an α-bromoacrylate induced a high (3R*,4′S*) selectivity in the Michael addition with an amine. After oxygen at the inducing centre was exchanged with nitrogen bearing a bulky substituent, the directing influence of this new group was examined. Solvent effects influencing the cis/trans ratio of aziridine formation are discussed.

Promoting Modularity in Evolutionary Design

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hod Lipson ◽  
Jordan B. Pollack ◽  
Nam P. Suh
Keyword(s):  
Design Problem ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Machine Design ◽  
Evolutionary Design ◽  
Automate Machine ◽  
Design Systems ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract Evolutionary design systems apply principles inspired from biological evolution to automate machine design. These systems have been shown to generate simple designs for simple tasks — but their practical ability to scale up to higher complexities remains questioned. One of the keys to accomplishing higher-level evolutionary design is the ability of the process to identify and reuse knowledge discovered at lower levels, thus scaling its search capacity. One way to capture this knowledge is in the form of reusable building blocks — modules. In this paper we define modularity and discuss several approaches to promoting modularity in evolutionary design systems. In particular, we propose a new mechanism that can enhance modularization. This mechanism is based on the observation that designs that exhibit modularity have higher adaptability and consequently have better survival rates under changing requirements. Contrary to other techniques, this is a weak (indirect) formulation that docs not require representation of partial solutions or definition of a genotype from which a design is developed. We demonstrate this principle on an abstract general design problem on which modularity can be statistically quantified.

scholarly journals Easy Access to Phosphine‐Borane Building Blocks

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (68) ◽  
pp. 15944-15952
Author(s):  
G. Bas Jong ◽  
Nuria Ortega ◽  
Martin Lutz ◽  
Koop Lammertsma ◽  
J. Chris Slootweg
Keyword(s):  
Building Blocks ◽  
Easy Access
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