Mechanism of the lithium–iodine exchange in an iodothiophene

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (9) ◽  
pp. 1577-1587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans J Reich ◽  
Wesley L Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Exchange Reaction ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Nmr Spectra ◽  
Variable Temperature ◽  
Activation Parameters ◽  
Kinetic Scheme ◽  
Hypervalent Iodine ◽  
Metal Exchange ◽  
Complex Lithium

Solutions of 2-lithio-5-methylthiophene (4) were characterized using DNMR techniques and shown to be a mixture of monomer and dimer in THF–Et2O (3:2). The hypervalent iodine ate complex 5 (Ar2I–Li+), a presumed intermediate in the Li–I exchange with 2-iodo-5-methylthiophene, was observed by 13C and 7Li NMR spectroscopy at low temperatures (–130 °C). At higher temperatures, the ate complex coalesced with 2-lithio-5-methylthiophene. A kinetic scheme was developed, which accounts for the exchange of the monomer 4M, dimer 4D, and 2-iodo-5-methylthiophene (6) with the ate complex 5. The rates of the various exchanges were obtained through a DNMR analysis of the variable temperature 13C and 7Li NMR spectra, and the thermodynamic and activation parameters were calculated. The monomer 4M and the ate complex 5 have similar reactivity as aryl donors in the Li–I exchange reaction, but 4M is at least 1000 times as reactive as the dimer 4D towards the iodide.Key words: halogen–metal exchange, lithium iodinate, iodine ate complex, lithium reagent, aggregate reactivity.

Konformative Beweglichkeit flexibler Ringsysteme. Untersuchungen mit Hilfe der Protonenresonanz-Spektroskopie

1966 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 320-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kabuss ◽  
A. Lüttringhaus ◽  
H. Friebolin ◽  
R. Mecke
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Nmr Spectra ◽  
Ring Inversion ◽  
Conformational Isomers

The rates of ring-inversion of six- and seven-membered cyclic trisulfides were investigated by nmr-spectroscopy. The JG#-values are higher than those of the corresponding disulfides. but are not high enough for separation of conformational isomers.At low temperatures the nmr-spectra in some cases show the signals of two different conformers.For certain examples simple symmetry-considerations allow the identification of the actual conformation.

Direct observation of dienols produced by photochemical enolisation of α,β-unsaturated ketones: rates and activation parameters for dienol reketonisation via a 1,5-hydrogen shift

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (8) ◽  
pp. 1867-1872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy M. Duhaime ◽  
Alan C. Weedon
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Nmr Spectra ◽  
Arrhenius Plot ◽  
Activation Parameters ◽  
Activation Entropy ◽  
Hydrogen Shift ◽  
Unsaturated Ketones ◽  
Ultraviolet Light Irradiation ◽  
Stable Solutions

The production of stable solutions of Z-dienols by ultraviolet light irradiation of α,β-unsaturated ketones at low temperatures (ca. −76 °C) in d4-methanol is reported. The rates of reketonisation of the dienols via a 1,5-sigmatropic hydrogen shift were determined at various temperatures between −43 °C and + 2 °C by monitoring the proton nmr spectra of the dienols. From the data the activation parameters for the reaction were calculated. For the dienol Z-2-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,4-pentadiene, 2, derived from photoenolisation of 4-methyl-3-penten-2-one, 1, the activation energy from the Arrhenius plot is 62 ± 4 kJ/mol, and the activation entropy and enthalpy from the Eyring plot are −87 ± 15 J/mol K and 60 ± 4 kJ/mol, respectively. For the dienol Z-4-tert-butyl-2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadiene, 4, obtained from photoenolisation of 4,5,5-trimethyl-3-hexen-2-one, 3, the activation energy, entropy, and enthalpy were found to be 47 ± 5 kJ/mol, −135 ± 19 J/mol K, and 45 ± 5 kJ/mol, respectively.

Rates of Water Exchange in 2,2′-Bipyridine and 1,10-Phenanthroline Complexes of CoII and MnII

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shravan S. Acharya ◽  
Bjorn Winther-Jensen ◽  
Leone Spiccia ◽  
C. André Ohlin
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Variable Temperature ◽  
Activation Parameters ◽  
Cobalt Complexes ◽  
Degree Of Substitution ◽  
Manganese Complexes ◽  
17O Nmr ◽  
17O Nmr Spectroscopy

The rates and activation parameters of water exchange at pH 3.0 have been determined using variable temperature 17O NMR spectroscopy for four CoII complexes and one MnII complex: [Co(bpy)(H2O)4]2+, [Co(bpy)2 (H2O)2]2+, [Co(phen)-(H2O)4]2+, [Co(phen)2 (H2O)2]2+, and [Mn(bpy)(H2O)4]2+ (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridyl and phen = 1,10-phenanthroline). Substitution of aquo ligands with 1,10-phenanthroline or 2,2′-bipyridyl leads to an increase in the rate of exchange in the manganese complexes, from k298 (1.8 ± 0.1) × 107 s−1 for [Mn(H2O)6]2+ to (7.2 ± 0.3) × 107 s−1 for [Mn(phen)2 (H2O)2]2+, whereas the trends are more complex for the cobalt complexes. We have used the new data in conjunction with literature data for similar complexes to analyse the effect of M–OH2 distance and degree of substitution.

Synthese, Strukturfestlegung und Dissoziationsgleichgewicht eines 15N-markierten Diazadiphosphetidins / Synthesis, Structure Determination, and Dissociation Equilibrium of a 15N-Labeled Diazadiphosphetidine

1977 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 1030-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Appel ◽  
Mechthild Halstenberg ◽  
Fritz Knoll
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Exchange Reaction ◽  
Structure Determination ◽  
Nmr Spectra ◽  
Ring Structure ◽  
Dissociation Equilibrium

The 15N-labeled diazadiphosphetidine (3a) was prepared to confirm the proposed ring structure by 1H, 31P, 13C, and 15N NMR spectroscopy. The temperature dependence of the NMR spectra suggests a dissociation equilibrium which could be verified by an exchange reaction.

scholarly journals [AU(DIEN)Cl]Cl2: Exchange Phenomena Observed by H1 and C13 NMR Spectroscopy

1999 ◽  
Vol 6 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 261-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine L. Best ◽  
Zijian Guo ◽  
Milos I. Djuran ◽  
Peter J. Sadler
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Nmr Spectra ◽  
Chemical Shifts ◽  
Variable Temperature ◽  
Hydroxo Complex ◽  
Acidic Solutions ◽  
Exchange Effects ◽  
Square Planar ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Solution Behaviour

The solution behaviour of the square-planar gold(III) complex [Au(dien)Cl]Cl2 (dien = 1,5- diamino-3-azapentane) was investigated by H1 and C13 NMR spectroscopy. We have found that H1 NMR spectra of [Au(dien)Cl]Cl2 are characterised by exchange behaviour over the whole pH range, and some exchange effects are also seen in C13 NMR spectra of the deprotonated hydroxo derivative of the complex in alkaline solution. An exchange rate of > 378 s-1 was determined from H1 NMR spectra at pH∗2 (coalescence temperature 40C° ). In slightly acidic solutions of the complex, H1 chemical shifts are in accordance with the known deprotonation of the central amine group of the complexed diethylenetriamine ligand. In C13 NMR spectra, two separate sets of resonances are observed for the chloro and the hydroxo complex of gold(III) diethylenetriamine. The hydroxo complex [Au(dien-H)OH]+ shows exchange effects in C13 NMR spectra. Variable temperature studies show the carbon atoms next to the central secondary amine to be inequivalent and each present in two different environments that are in intermediate to fast exchange on the NMR time-scale.

NMR spectroscopic investigation of p-substituted 2,4,4,6-tetraphenyl-1,4-dihydropyridines and their oxa and thia analogues

1989 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 1854-1869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marián Schwarz ◽  
Petr Trška ◽  
Josef Kuthan
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Trifluoroacetic Acid ◽  
Spectroscopic Investigation ◽  
Nmr Spectra ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium

The 1H, 13C and 19F NMR spectra of photochromic p-substituted 2,4,4,6-tetraphenyl-1,4-dihydropyridines IIa-IIg, 1-methyl-2,4,4,6-tetraphenyl-1,4-dihydropyridines IIIa-IIIg, 2,4,4,6-tetraphenyl-4H-pyrans IVa-IVh, and 2,4,4,6-tetraphenyl-4H-thiopyran V were inspected; it was found that compounds IIa-IIg occur in a dynamic equilibrium with their dihydro tautomer VIa-VIg. Also deuteriodeprotonation of IIa and IIIa and their reaction with trifluoroacetic acid were investigated by NMR spectroscopy.

Unusual Rearrangement of Naphthalene in the Synthesis of a Novel B8-B8-Bridged Derivative in the [(1,2-C2B9H11)2-3-Co]- Series. X-Ray Structure and 11B NMR Spectra of [8,8'-μ-(CH2-C9H6)-(1,2-C2B9H10)2-3-Co]- (CH3)4N+

1997 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 746-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Franken ◽  
Jaromír Plešek ◽  
Christiane Nachtigal
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Nucleophilic Substitution ◽  
Nmr Spectra ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Unusual Rearrangement ◽  
Multinuclear Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
11B Nmr ◽  
Isolated Compound

On treatment of the [(1,2-C2B9H11)2Co]- ion with naphthalene in presence of AlCl3 a remarkably bridged [8,8'-μ-(CH2-C9H6)-(1,2-C2B9H10)2-3-Co]- ion is obtained as a single isolated compound. The triatomic -CH2-C9H6- bridge is derived from the rearranged naphthalene nucleus. The mechanism of this reaction is obscure but it does resemble the "Electrophile-Induced Nucleophilic Substitution" reported earlier. The structure of the compound was established by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and by single crystal X-ray diffraction.

IR and 13C, 17O, and 119Sn NMR spectra of some bis(1-butyl)tin(IV) carboxylates of dicarboxylic acids

1991 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 1908-1915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Holeček ◽  
Antonín Lyčka ◽  
Milan Nádvorník ◽  
Karel Handlíř
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acid ◽  
Nmr Spectra ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acids ◽  
119Sn Nmr ◽  
Carboxylic Groups ◽  
Cyclic Oligomers ◽  
The Media ◽  
Oxygen Atoms

Infrared spectroscopy and multinuclear (13C, 17O, and 119Sn NMR spectroscopy have been used to study the structure of bis(1-butyl)tin(IV) carboxylates of dicarboxylic acids (1-C4H9)2. Sn(X(COO)2), where X = (CH2)n (n = 0-8), CH=CH (cis and trans) and C6H4 (ortho and para).The crystalline compounds are formed by linear or cyclic oligomers or polymers whose basic building units represent a grouping composed of the central tin atom substituted by two 1-butyl groups and coordinated with both oxygen atoms of two anisobidentate carboxylic groups derived from different molecules of a dicarboxylic acid. The environment of the tin atom has a shape of a trapezoidal bipyramid. When dissolvet in non-coordinating solvents, the compounds retain the oligomeric character with unchanged structure of environment of the central tin atom. In the media of coordinating solvents the bis(1-butyl)tin(IV) carboxylates of dicarboxylic acids form complexes whose central hexacoordinated tin atom binds two molecules of the solvent trough their donor atoms. Carboxylic groups form monodenate linkages in these complexes.

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