Snowpack characteristics associated with avalanche accidents

1992 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 862-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Jamieson ◽  
C. D. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Avalanche Forecasting ◽  
Weak Layer ◽  
The People ◽  
Avalanche Accidents ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Forecasting Techniques

Reports of 93 fatal avalanche accidents in Canada between 1972 and 1991 indicate that most of them involved dry snow slabs and were triggered by people. Slab thicknesses averaged 0.86 m and over half the slabs included snow deposited prior to the most recent storm. Two persistent microstructures of snow, namely surface hoar and faceted grains, were commonly reported in the weak layers believed to have released the overlying slabs. The people that had difficulty recognizing or evaluating instabilities involving surface hoar and faceted grains include amateur recreationists as well as professional forecasters and guides. This suggests that present field tests and forecasting techniques may be unsatis-factory for assessing the stability of slabs which overlie layers of surface hoar or faceted grains. Key words : avalanche accident, avalanche forecasting, critical weak layer, slab avalanche, snowpack microstructure, avalanche trigger.

scholarly journals Snow fracture in relation to slab avalanche release: critical state for the onset of crack propagation

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Gaume ◽  
Alec van Herwijnen ◽  
Guillaume Chambon ◽  
Nander Wever ◽  
Jürg Schweizer
Keyword(s):  
Crack Propagation ◽  
Slope Angle ◽  
Critical Length ◽  
Snow Layer ◽  
Critical Crack ◽  
Critical Crack Length ◽  
New Model ◽  
Avalanche Forecasting ◽  
Weak Layer ◽  
Recent Developments

Abstract. The failure of a weak snow layer buried below cohesive slab layers is a necessary, but insufficient, condition for the release of a dry-snow slab avalanche. The size of the crack in the weak layer must also exceed a critical length to propagate across a slope. In contrast to pioneering shear-based approaches, recent developments account for weak layer collapse and allow for better explaining typical observations of remote triggering from low-angle terrain. However, these new models predict a critical length for crack propagation that is almost independent of slope angle, a rather surprising and counterintuitive result. Based on discrete element simulations we propose a new analytical expression for the critical crack length. This new model reconciles past approaches by considering for the first time the complex interplay between slab elasticity and the mechanical behavior of the weak layer including its structural collapse. The crack begins to propagate when the stress induced by slab loading and deformation at the crack tip exceeds the limit given by the failure envelope of the weak layer. The model can reproduce crack propagation on low-angle terrain and the decrease in critical length with increasing slope angle as modeled in numerical experiments. The good agreement of our new model with extensive field data and the ease of implementation in the snow cover model SNOWPACK opens a promising prospect for improving avalanche forecasting.

EFFECT OF CANOPY AND INCORPORATION ON METRIBUZIN PERSISTENCE IN SOILS

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 711-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. I. N. JENSEN ◽  
E. R. KIMBALL ◽  
J. A. IVANY
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Row Width ◽  
Sampling Zone

The half-life of metribuzin applied to a bare soil surface was calculated to be 3–7 d over four field tests. An artificial cover erected after application or a shallow incorporation increased the half-life of metribuzin approximately 2.5- to 3-fold. Leaching out of the 0- to 5-cm-deep sampling zone could not account for loss of metribuzin. It was concluded that metribuzin persistence may be affected by volatility and/or photodecomposition losses under field conditions, especially shortly after application. Key words: Metribuzin half-life, volatility, photodecomposition, row width

scholarly journals PELATIHAN PEMBUATAN CENDERAMATA SEBAGAI PRODUK WISATA BAGI MASYARAKAT PEDAGANG ACUNG DI DESA BATUR TENGAH

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ni Made Ary Widiastini ◽  
Nyoman Dini Andiani ◽  
Ni Luh Putu Agustini Karta
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Tourism Product ◽  
The People ◽  
The Village

<p>The purpose of this devotion is to train some of people in Batur<br />Tengah Village who work as merchants to make tourism products<br />independently. During this tourism products are sold in the Kintamani<br />Tourism Area such as clothing, sculpture or knick knacks such as key<br />chains are supplied from other places, both other areas that are still in the<br />province of Bali and outside Bali. The phenomenon is actually not good<br />for the sustainability of the efforts that are cultivated by some people in<br />the village of Batur Tengah. In addition to creating dependency, they are<br />also used by suppliers as marketers to sell their products as well as<br />understand the needs of tourists who visit Bali, especially to Kintamani<br />tourism area. Based on this phenomenon, then on this occasion, the<br />devotion done by trained on some souvenir vendor to create a souvenir<br />merchandise products independently, such as key chains and hangers that<br />can be installed in the car. It is expected that through this training which<br />held on in open space so that tourists can see it, then interested to buy, can<br />influence the people of Batur Tengah Village who work as souvenir<br />vendor to create tourism product independently that the result can be felt<br />better economically.<br />Key Words: Devotion, Create, Souvenir, Tourism Product</p>

scholarly journals Teks Sastra Sebagai Media Komunikasi Antarbangsa (Kajian Atas Novel Dari Fontenay Ke Magallianes Karya Nh. Dini)

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuti Kusniarti
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Internal Communication ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
Main Character ◽  
The People

This novel is one form of communication between nations conducted by the author with her readers. The storytelling technique used by NH Dini is narrative that invites the reader to indirectly see and be involved in describing the story. As an author, NH Dini is so straightforward in telling the story which is played by the main character who does not forget the background of Javanese culture and love the second homeland France. From Fontenay to Magalliances is an expression of the author about how should a woman who grew up in a cultural environment of Java can still coexist with the people around her without losing her identity as a foreigner in the second homeland. Communication that occurs between the characters is a form of communication between nations that is no longer so accentuate each other's culture and remaining respectful. In this case, the main character can still be a wife to her French husband without having to change her appearance and lifestyle, although the internal communication between them is no longer in harmony, but as Javanese woman, Dini still keeps their relationship in front of their relatives. Key words: literary text, communication, intra-nations

scholarly journals A teleological approach to interpreting socio-economic rights in the African Charter: Appropriateness and methodology

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anneth Amin
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
The People ◽  
Treaty Interpretation ◽  
African Charter ◽  
Interpretive Process

SUMMARY The incorporation of socio-economic rights in the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights should be considered a vital move towards the transformation of socio-economic conditions of the people on the continent. However, the envisaged socio-economic transformation depends largely on how these rights are interpreted. It is the task of the supervisory organs of the African Charter to develop the scope and content of these rights and their related obligations through interpretation. To achieve this interpretative objective, interpretive process of the supervisory organs should be guided by an appropriate approach to interpretation that is applied coherently. This article argues that the teleological approach to treaty interpretation is an appropriate approach to interpreting socio-economic rights in the African Charter. The article develops a methodology for application of the teleological approach through which socio-economic rights in the African Charter may be effectively interpreted. Key words: socio-economic rights; African Charter; effective interpretation; teleological approach to interpretation

scholarly journals Power to the People: An Inverse Role in Nigeria’s Politics and Governance

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kingsley Onyemekara Onyemekara Emecheta
Keyword(s):  
Political Power ◽  
Power Structure ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Democratic Citizenship ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
The People ◽  
Ruling Elites ◽  
Political Effect ◽  
The Stability

Abstract An attempt to contextualize the political power structure in Nigeria exposes an orientation and practice that directly negates the democratic norm of power belonging to the people. Today, power belongs entirely to government officials who use it to advance the course of their political and economic interests. The people are thus, subjected to the point and path of complete alienation from the demands and benefits of their democratic citizenship. Given the weakness of the rule of law and institutions of check in Nigeria, established statutes and legislation have not been able to stand tall to relevance in dislodging the hegemony of the ruling elites as is evident in our case study-Imo State. This has since 1999, propped up a telling political effect, which also spirals to the arena of development, and quakes the stability of the state, and the nation at large. The paper examines the current domiciliation of political power, its potential effect on the people, and on service delivery in the country. A case is made for recovery of power for the people and reasserting the law as a balancing force and as means of providing check against breach of constitutionally prescribed political power structure and configuration.

About the first great monument of Turkish-Islamic literature «Kutadgu bilig»

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (07) ◽  
pp. 47-50
Author(s):  
Goyarchin Abid Mustafayeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
The State ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Economic Power ◽  
The People ◽  
Good For ◽  
State Increase ◽  
Islamic Literature

The idea of Yusif Balasagunlu's work "Kutadgi Bilig" was to strengthen the economic power of the state, increase its military power, adopt wise laws that are good for the people, solve problems between the state and the people, maintain justice and peace in the country. The epos "Kutadgi Bilig" is a monument that has always been loved and read in Turkestan and the Turkic world for centuries and covers all spheres of human and state life. Key words: Uyghur, culture, Uyghur literature, khaganate.

A tracking algorithm to identify slab and weak layer combinations for assessing snow instability and avalanche problem type

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Reuter ◽  
Léo Viallon-Galinier ◽  
Stephanie Mayer ◽  
Pascal Hagenmuller ◽  
Samuel Morin
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Problem Type ◽  
Model Output ◽  
Avalanche Forecasting ◽  
Weak Layer ◽  
Problem Types ◽  
Snow Stratigraphy ◽  
Wet Snow

&lt;p&gt;Snow cover models have mostly been developed to support avalanche forecasting. Recently developed snow instability metrics can help interpreting modeled snow cover data. However, presently snow cover models cannot forecast the relevant avalanche problem types &amp;#8211; an essential element to describe avalanche danger. We present an approach to detect, track and assess weak layers in snow cover model output data to eventually assess the related avalanche problem type. We demonstrate the applicability of this approach with both, SNOWPACK and CROCUS snow cover model output for one winter season at Weissfluhjoch. We introduced a classification scheme for four commonly used avalanche problem types including new snow, wind slabs, persistent weak layers and wet snow, so different avalanche situations during a winter season can be classified based on weak layer type and meteorological conditions. According to the modeled avalanche problem types and snow instability metrics both models produced weaknesses in the modeled stratigraphy during similar periods. For instance, in late December 2014 the models picked up a non-persistent as well as a persistent weak layer that were both observed in the field and caused widespread instability in the area. Times when avalanches released naturally were recorded with two seismic avalanche detection systems, and coincided reasonably well with periods of low modeled stability. Moreover, the presented approach provides the avalanche problem types that relate to the observed natural instability which makes the interpretation of modeled snow instability metrics easier. As the presented approach is process-based, it is applicable to any model in any snow avalanche climate. It could be used to anticipate changes in avalanche problem type due to changing climate. Moreover, the presented approach is suited to support the interpretation of snow stratigraphy data for operational forecasting.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Stability of Slopes Reinforced with Truncated Piles

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Shu-Wei Sun ◽  
Fu Zhao ◽  
Kui Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Slip Surface ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Optimum Ratio ◽  
Weak Layer ◽  
Stability Of Slopes ◽  
Engineering Technique ◽  
Shear Strength Reduction Method ◽  
Practical Engineering ◽  
The Stability

Piles are extensively used as a means of slope stabilization. A novel engineering technique of truncated piles that are unlike traditional piles is introduced in this paper. A simplified numerical method is proposed to analyze the stability of slopes stabilized with truncated piles based on the shear strength reduction method. The influential factors, which include pile diameter, pile spacing, depth of truncation, and existence of a weak layer, are systematically investigated from a practical point of view. The results show that an optimum ratio exists between the depth of truncation and the pile length above a slip surface, below which truncating behavior has no influence on the piled slope stability. This optimum ratio is bigger for slopes stabilized with more flexible piles and piles with larger spacing. Besides, truncated piles are more suitable for slopes with a thin weak layer than homogenous slopes. In practical engineering, the piles could be truncated reasonably while ensuring the reinforcement effect. The truncated part of piles can be filled with the surrounding soil and compacted to reduce costs by using fewer materials.

Experimental Investigation of Freight Car Lateral Dynamics

1981 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Fries ◽  
N. K. Cooperrider ◽  
E. H. Law
Keyword(s):  
Vibration Mode ◽  
Damping Ratio ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Hunting Behavior ◽  
Lateral Dynamics ◽  
Stability Measure ◽  
Freight Car ◽  
Vehicle Test ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Nonlinear Nature

Field tests and accompanying data analysis to characterize the stable and hunting behavior of freight cars are discussed. These tests confirmed the fundamentally nonlinear nature of the conventional freight car. The hunting performance of an open hopper car is described by speed ranges in which intermittent hunting occurs. At speeds above the intermittent hunting speed ranges, hunting always occurs, and at speeds below these ranges, hunting does not occur. Results of evaluating the stability of the freight car in terms of the natural frequency and damping ratio of the least-damped vibration mode are presented. Anomalies in these results indicate that the damping ratio may not be an adequate stability measure for this nonlinear system. Root-mean-square values of significant vehicle motions are presented for the entire range of vehicle test speeds.

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