Clay Layer Fabric and Oedometer Consolidation of a Soft Varved Clay

1972 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Quigley ◽  
T. A. Ogunbadejo
Keyword(s):  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Overburden Pressure ◽  
Critical Range ◽  
Preconsolidation Pressure ◽  
Soil Structures ◽  
Soil Fabric ◽  
Structural Breakdown ◽  
Clay Layers ◽  
Glacial Clays

The oedometer consolidation properties of the clay layers of varved sediments from New Liskeard, Ontario have been presented and interpreted with reference to current ideas on soil fabric, bonding, and environment of deposition. The sensitive, brittle nature of the clays is expressed by Cc values as high as 1.35 and "S" shaped consolidation curves. Preconsolidation above any previous possible overburden pressure is explained by bonding of a net random, flocculated fabric as measured by X-ray diffraction methods. Rates of secondary consolidation up to 4.5%/log cycle at loads close to the preconsolidation pressure reflect structural breakdown of the soil fabric within a very critical range of stress and strain.The flocculated soil structure at New Liskeard is compared with the more parallel fabric of the compositionally similar stratified glacial clays at Welland, Ontario. It is suggested that both deposits developed flocculated soil structures during deposition but that the Welland clays were deposited and loaded more rapidly so that time dependent bonding could not develop to resist compression and retain the open structure as at New Liskeard and most other slowly deposited varved clays in eastern Canada. A literature review is presented in support of these ideas.

A New Cationic Shale Inhibitor and Water Blocking Agent for Water-Based Drilling Fluid

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Al-Heed ◽  
Mobeen Murtaza ◽  
Sayed Hussain ◽  
Rahul Gajbhiye
Keyword(s):  
Cationic Surfactant ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Blocking Agent ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Water Penetration ◽  
Water Blocking ◽  
Shale Formation ◽  
Clay Layers

Abstract Drilling a shale formation is one of the challenges faced by the petroleum industry. Designing the drilling fluid, that reduces the interaction with shale, is important for safe and efficient drilling. This study investigates the new cationic surfactant as a shale inhibitor for the drilling fluid. The main objective of this study is to block the water penetration into the clay layers using the new shale inhibitor and evaluate its performance with commercial shale inhibitors. To assess the performance of new cationic surfactant two reliable clay sources were considered. The first source is from unconventional Qusiba (Kaolinite) formation in Saudi Arabia and the second is a commercial Bentonite. The effect of new cationic formulation on preventing clay swelling were tested using API dynamic swelling meter at reservoir condition. Further, X-ray diffraction and SEM analysis were performed to ensure clay stability before exposing it to WBM and after exposure for cation exchange phenomenon, shape and size of the particle and efficacy of water penetration blockage. The results were also compared with commercial shale inhibitor. The results show that the new cationic surfactant can act as a shale inhibitor as well as water blocking agent. It also showed acceptable performance compare with common shale inhibitors used in the industry, the performance can be further improved by optimizing the percentage of surfactant addition to the drilling fluid. This study provides the new cationic surfactant and proved to have good feature for oilfield applications and the cationity which is helping to reduce the water shale interactions.

Preparation and Characterization of Ionic Liquild Modified Clay and its Application in Polypropylene/Clay Nanocomposites

2011 ◽  
Vol 55-57 ◽  
pp. 1588-1592
Author(s):  
Li Mei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Clay Nanocomposites ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Modified Clay ◽  
Solution Blending ◽  
Organically Modified ◽  
Result Show ◽  
Xrd Patterns ◽  
Clay Layers ◽  
Poly Propylene

Clay was organically modified with one kind of ionic liquild. Organical clay obtained was used to prepare poly(propylene) (PP)/clay nanocomposites by solution blending. Flourier transform infrared (FTIR), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the ionic liquild was loaded in the galleries of organically modified clay. TGA result show the thermal stability of organically modified clay was superior to clay. XRD patterns indicated that the d-spacing of clay layers increased to 2.96 nm from 1.22 nm of clay. XRD patterns of PP/clay nanocomposites show that clay layers were dispersed in PP matrix by nanometer size.

Thermal Cycling Treatment and Structural Changes in Cu-Al-Ni Monocrystalline Alloys

2006 ◽  
Vol 514-516 ◽  
pp. 692-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Jorge C. Silva ◽  
L.A. Matlakhova ◽  
E.C. Pereira ◽  
A.N. Matlakhov ◽  
Sérgio Neves Monteiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Cycling ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Critical Range ◽  
Cycling Treatment ◽  
Ni Alloy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Number Of Cycles

In the present work a monocrystalline Cu-13.5Al-4Ni (wt.%) alloy with shape memory effect (SME) submitted to thermal cycling inside the critical range was investigated in terms of number of cycles and resulting structural changes. Attention was paid to the structural changes associated with reversible β1↔γ’1 martensite transformation. The monocrystalline Cu-Al-Ni alloy was produced in Russia, according to a specific technology. The structural characteristic of the alloys was studied through optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction methods using Cu-Kα radiation. Differential scanning calorimetry permitted the determination of the temperature range as well as a thermal effect due to the β1↔γ’1 martensitic reversible transformations, before and after 100, 200 and 300 thermal cycles.

The structure and diagenetic transformation of illite-smectite and chlorite-smectite from North Sea Cretaceous-Tertiary chalk

Clay Minerals ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Lindgreen ◽  
V. A. Drits ◽  
B. A. Sakharov ◽  
H. J . Jakobsen ◽  
A. L. Salyn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Mixed Layer ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
State Process ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Multicomponent Program ◽  
Structural Formulae ◽  
Clay Layers

AbstractIllite-smectite (I-S) mixed-layer minerals from North Sea oil fields and a Danish outcrop were investigated to determine the detailed structure and the diagenetic clay transformation. Clay layers in the chalk and residues obtained by dissolution of the chalk matrix at pH 5 were investigated. The phase compositions and layer sequences were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) including simulation with a multicomponent program. The structural formulae were determined from chemical analysis, infrared (IR) and 27Al NMR spectroscopies and XRD, and the particle shape by atomic force microscopy (AFM). A high-smectitic (HS) I-S phase and a lowsmectitic (LS) illite-smectite-chlorite (I-S-Ch) phase, both dioctahedral, together constitute 80 – 90% of each sample. However, two samples contain significant amounts of tosudite and of Ch-Serpentine (Sr), respectively. Most of the clay layers have probably formed by dissolution of the chalk, but one Campanian and one Santonian clay layer in well Baron 2 may have a sedimentary origin. The HS and LS minerals are probably of detrital origin. Early diagenesis has taken place through a fixation of Mg in brucite interlayers in the LS phase, this solid-state process forming di-trioctahedral chlorite layers. During later diagenesis involving dissolution of the HS phase, neoformation of a tosudite or of a random mixed-layer trioctahedral chlorite-berthierine took place. In the tosudite, brucite-like sheets are regularly interstratified with smectite interlayers between dioctahedral 2:1 layers, resulting in ditrioctahedral chlorite layers.

A Study of Frost-Heave Mechanics of High-Clay Content Soils

1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 502-508
Author(s):  
R. N. Yong ◽  
P. Boonsinsuk ◽  
A. E. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Experimental Information ◽  
Frost Heave ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Soil Fabric

In this study, the problem of frost penetration in high-clay content soils is examined with the view to assessment of cyclic freeze-thaw effects on initial virgin unfrozen natural clays. The requirements for control of the frost-heave problem in many construction projects in the northern regions of Eastern Canada demand that proper prediction be made for both frost-heave pressures and magnitudes of frost heaving in the high-clay content soils. Laboratory cyclic freeze-thaw and frost-heave tests conducted have shown that the mechanical properties of the clay soils, which are virgin unfrozen natural soil samples obtained from Northern Quebec, are sensitive to cyclic freeze-thaw. In the cyclic freeze-thaw tests conducted, scanning electron micrographs taken from samples after various cycles show that the original soil fabric becomes more disturbed after the first few cycles. Particles are re-arranged, and a regrouping of particles into larger stable (or apparently stable) soil fabric units are formed after a certain number of cycles. In essence, this study provides the experimental information concerning the cyclic freeze-thaw effects on mechanical properties for some high-clay content soils, not initially subject to freezing.

X-ray diffraction characteristics and related properties of Smectites in some Canadian soils

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Ross ◽  
H. Kodama
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Diffraction Intensity ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Peak Intensity ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
Canadian Soils ◽  
Particle Thickness

The X-ray diffraction (XRD) peak intensities of smectites in Chernozemic and related soils of Western Canada are generally low, in contrast to the high peak intensities of smectites in Podzolic soils of Eastern Canada and those of standard smectite samples. Consequently, X-ray quantitative analysis based on standard smectite samples may underestimate the amount of smectite and overestimate the amount of noncrystalline material in western Canadian soils. This study was undertaken to find the reasons for the weak XRD peak intensities of western soil smectites in terms of their purity and crystallinity. The Tiron dissolution method extracted only small amounts of noncrystalline material from the western soil clays and had little effect on XRD characteristics. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) hysteresis (or pH dependent CEC) between pH 3.5 and 11.0 of the western soil clays was also relatively small which confirmed the absence of significant amounts of noncrystalline material in these soil clays. Observed deviations of XRD positions from true basal spacings indicated that the western soil smectite particles were consistently thinner than the eastern soil smectite and Wyoming montmorillonite particles. Electron microscope observations supported these results. Because the diffraction intensity is proportional to the square of the particle thickness, the thinness of the western soil smectite particles appears to be a major factor in reducing their peak intensities. Thus, to obtain comparable peak intensity data from different soil smectites, particle thickness should be taken into account. Since it is often not practical to measure particle thickness, a procedure for quantifying smectite in soils that avoids this measurement is proposed. Key words: Peak intensity, crystallinity, particle size, particle thickness, Chernozemic smectite, Podzolic smectite

Effects of freeze–thaw and softening on a natural clay at low stresses

1985 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Graham ◽  
V. C. S. Au
Keyword(s):  
Pore Water ◽  
Compacted Clay ◽  
Lake Agassiz ◽  
Overburden Pressure ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Weathering Processes ◽  
Preconsolidation Pressure ◽  
Pore Water Pressures ◽  
Access To Water

Weathering processes such as softening and freeze–thaw cycling affect the properties of clays. Care must therefore be taken when selecting strength and compressibility parameters for analysis of natural slopes, compacted clay embankments, and trench excavations in which significant proportions of the cross section can be affected by climatic weathering.Samples of plastic Lake Agassiz clay from Winnipeg were consolidated anisotropically in the laboratory to axial stresses less than or equal to the in situ effective overburden pressure. They were therefore all overconsolidated with respect to the field preconsolidation pressure. The samples were then loaded under drained or undrained conditions along steeply rising stress paths in p′, q stress space. One group of samples was tested immediately to identify the "undisturbed" behavior, a second group was subjected to freeze–thaw cycles, and a third group allowed to swell freely before testing.The freeze–thaw cycling produced increased compressibility and pore-water pressures, and reduced strengths at low stresses compared with the behavior of undisturbed clay. Freezing also caused the development of a clearly defined fissure structure. Softening at low stresses with access to water produced less marked effects. Key words: clay, undisturbed, freeze–thaw, softening, strength, yielding, pore-water pressures.

Mineralogy, chemistry, and physical properties interrelationships of some sensitive clays from Eastern Canada

1984 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 530-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Locat ◽  
Guy Lefebvre ◽  
Gérard Ballivy
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Index Properties ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Quantitative Mineralogy

This paper describes the use of quantitative mineralogy and specific surface area in interpreting the index properties of clayey soils from nine sites in Eastern Canada. Samples representative of the Tyrrell, Laflamme, Champlain, and Goldthwait marine seas and Lac Barlow–Ojibway have been studied.Quantitative X-ray diffraction analyses may be satisfactorily obtained using potassium metaperiodate (Foscal-Mella 1976) as an internal standard in these soils. Determination of contained amorphous matter requires extraction procedures less brutal than those employed in the Ségalen method.Correlations between Atterberg limits and specific surface area are believed to be more useful than those between specific surface area and the grain size or clay fraction. Increases in plasticity and specific surface area are related to increases in the amount of contained phyllosilicates and amorphous matter.The mineralogical composition of the soils studied is dominated, even in the clay fraction, by felsic minerals (plagioclase, quartz, microcline, and hornblende). Samples close to the Canadian Shield contain relatively more felsic minerals than those away from it. Key words: mineralogy, index properties, sensitive clays, physicochemistry.

Intercalation and Characterization of Kaolinite Amazon to Production Polymer Nanocomposites

2018 ◽  
Vol 912 ◽  
pp. 269-273
Author(s):  
José Costa de Macêdo Neto ◽  
João Evangelista Neto ◽  
Ricardo Wilson Cruz ◽  
Eduardo Rafael Barreda ◽  
Nayra Reis do Nascimento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposites ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Gas Barrier ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Natural Clays ◽  
Clay Layers ◽  
Scanning Electron

Polymer nanocomposites using natural clays such as nanofiller have mechanical properties, flame-retardant, the gas barrier improvement compared to polymers without nanoclay. The aim of this work is intercalated molecules between the clay layers and characterize it with a view to its use in polymer nanocomposites. The kaolinite neat and modified used was characterized by fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XDR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetry (TGA). The results showed that kaolinite can be used as a nanofiller in polymer nanocomposites.

Properties of Thermal Conductivity on Polyimide/Clay Nanocomposite Foams

2012 ◽  
Vol 229-231 ◽  
pp. 215-218
Author(s):  
Eunk Young Kim ◽  
Seung Yong Jeong ◽  
Gyo Jic Shin ◽  
Sang Kug Lee ◽  
Kyung Ho Choi
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Thermal Barrier ◽  
Barrier Effect ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Insulating Material ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Polymer Clay Nanocomposite ◽  
Nanocomposite Foams ◽  
Polyimide Matrix ◽  
Clay Layers

We synthesized polyimide (based on ODA-PMDA) and polyimide foam and polyimide/clay foam that pore size was uniform about 1㎛. We identified that the clay layers are well dispersed in polyimide matrix and achieved exfoliation structure by X-ray diffraction. And we compared thermal conductivity of PI, PI foam, PI/clay foam. Thermal conductivity decreased up to maximum 28 % by introducing both pores and clay layers. Exfoliated structure of clay leads to decrease of thermal conductivity by thermal barrier effect. Also, the presence of clay could considerably reinforce the poor mechanical properties of polyimide by foam because of interfacial interaction between clay layers and polymer matrix. Through the this results, it has shown that this study may provide an effective method to prepare polymer/clay nanocomposite foams having exfoliation structure, and can be used as insulating material having low thermal conductivity.

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