Measurement of swelling pressure: direct method versus indirect methods

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 354-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamil Kayabali ◽  
Saniye Demir
Keyword(s):  
Expansive Soils ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Swelling Pressure ◽  
Expansive Clay ◽  
Swelling Properties ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Natural Soils ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Free Swell ◽  
Swell Pressure

Light structures including highways and railroads built over potentially expansive clay soils may suffer damage from swelling. Considerable research has been done in an attempt to characterize swelling properties of expansive soils. Although direct measurement of swelling pressure is relatively straightforward, it has not drawn much interest. The present study attempts to measure swelling pressure directly. We call experimental techniques for swelling pressure other than this direct method the indirect methods. Some indirect methods require more than one soil sample and that all samples be identical. However, natural soils may not always provide identical samples. Therefore, reconstructed identical soil samples produced from natural soils were used in the present study. For comparison, the restricted swell, swell-consolidation, double oedometer, and zero swell tests were employed as indirect methods. While the restricted swell test slightly underestimated swell pressure, swell-consolidation and zero swell tests overestimated it. The double oedometer test did not provide swell pressures correlatable with those found using the direct method. Free swell data correlated reasonably well with swell pressure data from the direct method, so an empirical form was established from which swell pressure can be easily estimated.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Kadar Air Awal Dan Surcharge Pressure Pada Uji Karakteristik Pengembangan Tanah Ekspansif

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Wilis Diana ◽  
Edi Hartono ◽  
Anita Widianti
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Expansive Soils ◽  
Expansive Soil ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Initial Water Content ◽  
Expansive Clay ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Swelling Properties ◽  
Swell Percent ◽  
Swell Pressure

Expansive soils experience volumetric changes due to water content changes. These volumetric changes cause swell and shrink movement in soils, which in turn will inflict severe damage to structures built above them. A Proper understanding of how the expansive soil behaves during the wetting/drying process is essential for assessing the mitigation action of expansive soil hazard and design suitable foundation. The structures that build above expansive soil bed are susceptible to heave and to withstand swell pressure, thus the swell pressure must be considered in the design. This study focuses on swelling properties of two expansive clay from Ngawi, East Java and Wates, Yogyakarta. Laboratory test on disturbed samples is used to identified and to measured swelling properties. A series of swelling test was performed under constant soil dry density. The influence of initial water content and surcharge pressure on swelling properties (i.e swell percent and swell pressure) of compacted samples were investigated. The swelling properties test used ASTM standard 4546-03 method B. It was found that the lower initial water content the higher the swell percent, but the swell pressure seems not to be affected by initial water content. At the same initial water content, swell percent decrease with the increase of surcharge pressure, but swell pressure remains unchanged.

scholarly journals Combined effect of mineralogical and chemical parameters on swelling behaviour of expansive soils

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bendadi Hanumantha Rao ◽  
Peddireddy Sreekanth Reddy ◽  
Bijayananda Mohanty ◽  
Krishna R. Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Expansive Soils ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Swelling Pressure ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Swelling Behaviour ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Swelling Properties

AbstractMicrolevel properties such as mineralogical and chemical compositions greatly control the macro behaviour of expansive soils. In this paper, the combined effect of mineral (i.e. montmorillonite, MMC) and chemical contents (i.e. Ca and Na in their total (T), leachable (L) and exchangeable form (CEC)) on swelling behaviour is investigated in a comprehensive way. Several 3-dimensional (3D) graphs correlating MMC and Ca/Na ratio, together, with swelling property (swelling potential, Sa, and swelling pressure, Sp) are developed. 3D plots, in general, portrayed a non-linear relationship of Sa and Sp with MMC and Ca/Na ratio, together. It is hypothesized that swelling initially is triggered by chemical parameters due to their quick and rapid ionization capability, but the overall swelling phenomenon is largely controlled by MMC. It is importantly found that expansive soils are dominant with divalent Ca++ ions up to MMC of 67% and beyond this percentage, monovalent Na+ ions are prevalent. From the interpretation of results, the maximum Sa of 18% and Sp of 93 kPa is measured at MMC of 43%, (Ca/Na)T of 10–14 and (Ca/Na)L of 2–7. It is concluded from study that total CEC + MMC for determining Sa and (Ca/Na)T + MMC for determining Sp are superior parameters to be considered. The findings of the study also excellently endorsed the results of Foster32, who stated that ionization of Na or Ca depends on the constituent mineral contents. The findings presented herein are unique, interesting and bear very practical significance, as no earlier research work reported such findings by accounting for chemical and mineralogical parameters impact, in tandem, on swelling properties.

scholarly journals Estimation of Free Swell and Swelling Pressure using Genetic Programming

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 4718-4720
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Programming ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Expansive Soil ◽  
Swelling Pressure ◽  
Expansive Clay ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Geotechnical Parameters ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Free Swell ◽  
Problematic Soil

Regression models by genetic programming are useful in establishing relationships among various parameters using Darwin’s theory of evolution. Geotechnical parameters have been used in this model for the dataset obtained from literature. Genetic Programming is the automatic creation of computer programs to perform a selected task using Darwinian natural selection. The datasets for the expansive soil contain all the 3 expansive clay minerals – montmorillonite, illite and kaolinite. The origin for this problematic soil in Tabuk region, Saudi Arabia is due to the presence of Hanadir shale. Consolidometer was used in determining free swell for the undisturbed soil.

Studies on the determination of swelling properties of soils from suction measurements

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Hanumantha Rao ◽  
K. Venkataramana ◽  
D. N. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Expansive Soils ◽  
Swelling Pressure ◽  
Soil Suction ◽  
Swelling Potential ◽  
Empirical Relationships ◽  
Swelling Properties ◽  
Swelling Characteristics ◽  
Stability Of Structures ◽  
Made In

Expansive soils exhibit significantly high volumetric deformations and hence, pose a serious threat to stability of structures and foundations. As such, determination of their swelling properties (viz., swelling potential and swelling pressure) becomes essential. Earlier researchers have developed various experimental techniques, and empirical relationships based on the results obtained from these investigations, for determining swelling characteristics of these soils. However, although these techniques help in direct estimation of the swelling properties of soils, the instrumentation is quite cumbersome and time consuming. This limitation can be overcome by measuring soil suction, which would also yield its swelling characteristics, though indirectly, but quite rapidly and easily. To demonstrate the utility and ease of application of this methodology, attempts were made in the present study to establish swelling properties of expansive soils from their suction measurements. Details of the methodology adopted are presented and results have been critically evaluated vis-à-vis those available in the literature.

Model for the simulation of swelling-pressure measurements on expansive soils

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangsheng Shuai ◽  
D G Fredlund
Keyword(s):  
Pore Water ◽  
Volume Change ◽  
Unsaturated Soil ◽  
Pore Water Pressure ◽  
Expansive Soils ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Expansive Soil ◽  
Swelling Pressure ◽  
Oedometer Test ◽  
Free Swell

Numerous laboratory swelling tests have been reported for the measurement of swelling pressure and the amount of swell of an expansive soil. These test methods generally involve the use of a conventional one-dimensional oedometer apparatus. Few attempts, however, have been made to formulate a theoretical framework to simulate the testing procedures or to visualize the different stress paths followed when using the various methods. The simulation of the oedometer tests on expansive soils is required to fully understand the prediction of heave. The correct measurement of swelling pressure is required for an accurate prediction of heave. It is further anticipated that some information on unsaturated soils property functions may be approximated from the back-analysis of the data. A theoretical model is proposed to describe the pore-water pressures with time and depth in a specimen as well as the volume changes during various oedometer swell tests. The model is formulated based on equilibrium considerations, constitutive equations for an unsaturated soil, and the continuity requirement for the pore fluid phases. The transient water flow process is coupled with the soil volume change process. The model can be used to describe the volume-change behaviour, pore-water pressure, and vertical total stress development in an unsaturated soil during an oedometer test performed by any one of several test procedures. The model has been put into a finite element formulation using the Galerkin technique. All the parameters required to run the model can be obtained by performing independent, common laboratory tests. The proposed model was used to simulate the results from free-swell, constant-volume, constant water content, and loaded-swell oedometer tests. Computed values of volume change, vertical total stress, and pore-water pressure are in good agreement with measured values.Key words: unsaturated soil, expansive soil, swelling pressure, theoretical simulation, constant-volume oedometer test, free-swell oedometer test, loaded-swell oedometer test.

scholarly journals Isolated Effect and Sensitivity of Agricultural and Industrial Waste Ca-Based Stabilizer Materials (CSMs) in Evaluating Swell Shrink Nature of Palygorskite-Rich Clays

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Fazal E. Jalal ◽  
Babak Jamhiri ◽  
Ahsan Naseem ◽  
Muhammad Hussain ◽  
Mudassir Iqbal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expansive Soils ◽  
Swelling Pressure ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Problematic Soils ◽  
Geotechnical Tests ◽  
Swell Pressure

This paper evaluates the suitability of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) and waste marble dust (WMD) on the geotechnical properties of Palygorskite-rich expansive clays located in northwest Pakistan. These problematic soils exhibit undesirable characteristics which greatly affect the pavements, boundary walls, slab-on-grade members, and other civil engineering infrastructures. A series of geotechnical tests were performed on soil specimens using prescribed percentages of the aforementioned Ca-based stabilizer materials (CSMs). The investigation includes X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) tests, and physicomechanical properties such as moisture-density relationship, Atterberg’s limits, swell pressure, and an ANN-based sensitivity analyses of overall swell pressure development. The outcomes of these experimental investigations showed that the addition of CSMs into the expansive soils increased to 4% SCBA and 10% WMD, the plasticity index reduced by 30% and 49%, the volumetric swell decreased from approximately 49% to 86% and 63%, and the swelling pressure reduction was from 189 kPa to 120 kPa and 160 kPa (about 15% and 36%), respectively. It is interesting to note that replacement with specified CSM accelerated the strength of soil at extended curing periods and the optimum improvement in the strength behavior of the soil was also recorded. Moreover, with addition of the respective CSMs, the compactability and strength characteristics were ameliorated, while plasticity was significantly lowered. Given the amount of SCBA and WMD produced annually, their utilization for the stabilization of problematic soils, even in relatively low concentrations, could potentially have a substantial impact on the sustainable reuse of these waste materials.

scholarly journals Correlation between Swelling Pressure and Free Swell of Greater Cairo City Expansive Soils – A Case Study

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Nasser A. A. Radwan ◽  
Khaled M. M. Bahloul
Keyword(s):  
Expansive Soils ◽  
Expansive Soil ◽  
Swelling Pressure ◽  
Plasticity Index ◽  
Greater Cairo ◽  
Multiple Variable ◽  
Free Swell ◽  
Multiple Variable Regression ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this research is to investigate experimentally the relationship between free swell, plasticity index of expansive soil found in greater Cairo City Suburbs, Egypt with swelling pressure of mentioned soil. Predicting Swelling Pressure of any soil is a time consuming and expensive test in comparison to determining plasticity index and free swell which are simple, fast and economic tests. In present research six samples of expansive soil were collected from different locations of study area. The method uses single variable and multiple variable regression analysis using Microsoft excel software.

scholarly journals Study on the Swelling Behavior of Clayey Soil Blended with Geocell and Jute Fibre

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 1327-1340
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Kumar ◽  
Anil Kumar Sahu ◽  
Sanjeev Naval
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
Clayey Soil ◽  
Expansive Soils ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Swelling Pressure ◽  
Swelling Potential ◽  
Swelling Behaviour ◽  
Swelling Properties ◽  
Maximum Decrease ◽  
Mechanically Stabilized

Expansive soils like clays undergo swelling that can both be detrimental and acceptable in different applications. In the Northern part of India, especially Delhi region, natural soils containing clays & clayey sands support most of the buildings. Mechanically stabilized clays mixed with sand are used for local earthwork construction such as roads and landfills. Exact understanding of the swelling behaviour of such soils is a pre-requisite before the start of any construction projects. In this paper the swelling behaviour of clayey soil reinforced with geocell & Jute fibres has been presented. The laboratory investigations include one dimensional swelling tests using California Bearing Ratio (CBR) mould to study the swelling properties for different mix proportions. The maximum decrease in swelling potential of Geocell reinforced specimens was observed at fibre content of 0.80 percent and 40mm fibre length, beyond which increase in the swelling potential and swelling pressure has been observed. With this optimal reinforcement, a reduction of 71.24 percent in swelling and 41.10 percent in swelling pressure has been observed as compared to unreinforced soils. The study provides a solution towards the treatment of expansive soils before starting any construction activity over such soils and a step towards mitigating disasters related to infrastructure facilities grounded on expansive soils. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091728 Full Text: PDF

scholarly journals The Compressibility and Swell of Mixtures for Sand-Clay Liners

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muawia A. Dafalla
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Expansive Soil ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Swelling Pressure ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Expansive Clay ◽  
Clay Liners ◽  
Swelling Properties ◽  
Prime Concern ◽  
Swell Percent

Sand-clay liners utilize expansive clay to act as a filler to occupy the voids in the sand and thus reduce the hydraulic conductivity of the mixture. The hydraulic conductivity and transfer of water and other substances through sand-clay mixtures are of prime concern in the design of liners and hydraulic barriers. Many successful research studies have been undertaken to achieve appropriate mixtures that satisfy hydraulic conductivity requirements. This study investigates compressibility and swelling properties of mixtures to ensure that they were acceptable for light structures, roads, and slabs on grade. A range of sand-expansive clay mixtures were investigated for swell and compression properties. The swelling and compressibility indices were found to increase with increasing clay content. The use of highly expansive material can result in large volume changes due to swell and shrinkage. The inclusion of less expansive soil material as partial replacement of bentonite by one-third to two-thirds is found to reduce the compressibility by 60% to 70% for 10% and 15% clay content, respectively. The swelling pressure and swell percent were also found significantly reduced. Adding less expansive natural clay to bentonite can produce liners that are still sufficiently impervious and at the same time less problematic.

The Influence of Concentration of Pore Water Solution on the Swelling Characteristics of Expansive Soils

2012 ◽  
Vol 238 ◽  
pp. 427-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Chao Jia ◽  
Huan Li ◽  
Qing Tao Bi
Keyword(s):  
Pore Water ◽  
Expansive Soils ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Swelling Pressure ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Swelling Ratio ◽  
Swelling Properties ◽  
Swelling Characteristics ◽  
Volume Swelling

The influences of pore water solution concentration on the swelling properties of expansive soils were studied using the constant volume swelling pressure experiments and swelling ratio experiments under load. The results indicate that the swelling pressures decrease with the increase of solution concentration. Two specimens made by the same solutions concentration were immersed into solutions with two various concentrations to prepare specimen, one is smaller than the concentration of solution, and the other is same to that. The results show that the swelling pressures and the swelling strains of two specimens are very close. The analysis on the exist state of the pore water shows that the experimental results are agree with the osmotic pressure theory.

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