Investigation of interdiffusion in (SimGen)p superlattices and Gen buried layers by Raman and X-ray techniques

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 852-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Lockwood ◽  
J.-M. Baribeau ◽  
H. J. Labbé
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Molecular Beam ◽  
Diffusion Rate ◽  
Effective Diffusion ◽  
Atomic Diffusion ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Diffusion Rates ◽  
Buried Layers ◽  
Interface Mixing ◽  
Anneal Temperature

Two thin pseudomorphic (SimGen)p superlattices with m = n = 4 and p = 5 and vice versa were prepared at 350 °C by molecular beam epitaxy on (100) Si to investigate interdiffusion upon annealing. A Raman scattering and X-ray reflectometry study of the as-grown specimens indicated significant interdiffusion at the Si–Ge interfaces. The Raman investigations of specimens annealed for 20 s at temperatures up to 750 °C showed that atomic diffusion across the Si–Ge interfaces had occurred at an anneal temperature of 600 °C. After a 20 s 700 °C anneal. Raman and X-ray techniques showed that the superlattices modulation was destroyed consistent with a diffusion coefficient of about 10−21 m2/s. Both techniques revealed that 100 s anneals at temperatures of 750–950 °C introduced a slower diffusion rate (10−20 m2/s at 950 °C), but also strain relief, in Gen (n < 12) epilayers buried in Si. The differences in the effective diffusion rates for the two types of heterostructure are attributed to a different degree of interface mixing during growth.

scholarly journals The Steady-State Transport of Oxygen through Hemoglobin Solutions

1966 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. Keller ◽  
S. K. Friedlander
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Brownian Motion ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Effective Diffusion ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Oxygen Electrode ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Diffusion Rates ◽  
Oxygen Tensions ◽  
Diffusion Coefficient Of Oxygen

The steady-state transport of oxygen through hemoglobin solutions was studied to identify the mechanism of the diffusion augmentation observed at low oxygen tensions. A novel technique employing a platinum-silver oxygen electrode was developed to measure the effective diffusion coefficient of oxygen in steady-state transport. The measurements were made over a wider range of hemoglobin and oxygen concentrations than previously reported. Values of the Brownian motion diffusion coefficient of oxygen in hemoglobin solution were obtained as well as measurements of facilitated transport at low oxygen tensions. Transport rates up to ten times greater than ordinary diffusion rates were found. Predictions of oxygen flux were made assuming that the oxyhemoglobin transport coefficient was equal to the Brownian motion diffusivity which was measured in a separate set of experiments. The close correlation between prediction and experiment indicates that the diffusion of oxyhemoglobin is the mechanism by which steady-state oxygen transport is facilitated.

scholarly journals Diffusion Barriers in the Squid Nerve Fiber

1962 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raimundo Villegas ◽  
Carlo Caputo ◽  
Leopoldo Villegas
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Path Length ◽  
Diffusion Rate ◽  
Effective Diffusion ◽  
Effective Area ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Cylindrical Pores ◽  
In Series ◽  
Unit Path Length ◽  
Diffusion Rates

The squid nerve barriers are formed by (a) the axolemma (membrane of the axon proper), a membrane 80 Å thick perforated by cylindrical pores 4.0 to 4.5 Å radius, and (b) the Schwann layer, constituted of numerous cells forming a layer one cell thick, crossed by 60 Å wide slit channels. If a molecule present in the axoplasm has to reach the extraneural space, it has to pass (a) the pores, and (b) the channels, in series, and the diffusion rate will depend on the effective diffusion areas per unit path length, Apd/Δx for the axolemma, and Acd/Δx for the Schwann layer. By addition, And/Δx, the transneural effective area for diffusion per unit path length is obtained. The diffusion rates of C14-ethylene glycol (2.2 Å radius), and C14-glycerol (2.8 Å radius) were measured. The diffusion rate of H3-labeled water (1.5 Å radius) has been previously determined. The results expressed in terms of And/Δx (mean values ± SD, referred to 1 cm2 of nerve surface) are 5.3 ± 1.4 cm for water, 2.5 ± 0.4 cm for ethylene glycol, and 0.29 ± 0.03 cm for glycerol. Theoretical values for And/Δx of 2.5 and 0.83 cm for ethylene glycol and glycerol have been calculated. The agreement between the theoretical values for And/Δx and the experimental ones supports the diffusion barrier model described above.

scholarly journals Calculating structural and geometrical parameters by laboratory experiments and X-Ray microtomography: a comparative study applied to a limestone sample

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 3293-3337
Author(s):  
L. Luquot ◽  
V. Hebert ◽  
O. Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Effective Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Rock Sample ◽  
Effective Diffusion ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Rock Heterogeneity ◽  
Limestone Sample ◽  
Limestone Rock

Abstract. The aim of this study is to compare the structural, geometrical and transport parameters of a limestone rock sample determined by X-ray microtomography (XMT) images and laboratory experiments. Total and effective porosity, surface-to-volume ratio, pore size distribution, permeability, tortuosity and effective diffusion coefficient have been estimated. Sensitivity analyses of the segmentation parameters have been performed. The limestone rock sample studied here have been characterized using both approaches before and after a reactive percolation experiment. Strong dissolution process occured during the percolation, promoting a wormhole formation. This strong heterogeneity formed after the percolation step allows to apply our methodology to two different samples and enhance the use of experimental techniques or XMT images depending on the rock heterogeneity. We established that for most of the parameters calculated here, the values obtained by computing XMT images are in agreement with the classical laboratory measurements. We demonstrated that the computational porosity is more informative than the laboratory one. We observed that pore size distributions obtained by XMT images and laboratory experiments are slightly different but complementary. Regarding the effective diffusion coefficient, we concluded that both approaches are valuable and give similar results. Nevertheless, we wrapped up that computing XMT images to determine transport, geometrical and petrophysical parameters provides similar results than the one measured at the laboratory but with much shorter durations.

Zinc Diffusion Rates and Profiles in AlGaAs Alloys

1991 ◽  
Vol 240 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Zinc Concentration ◽  
Diffusion Rate ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Concentration Profiles ◽  
Diffusion Front ◽  
Activation Energy For Diffusion ◽  
Zinc Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Rates

ABSTRACTThe diffusion rate of Zn in AlxGa1−xAs alloys has been determined, for values of x up to 1.0, as a function of temperature. At 625°C the diffusion coefficient shows a strong dependence on x, reaching a maximum at about 65% Al. A similar rapid increase in diffusion coefficient with x is seen at 700°C. The zinc concentration profiles are similar for all values of x, showing a very abrupt diffusion front. The activation energy for diffusion decreases with increasing x.

scholarly journals Calculating structural and geometrical parameters by laboratory measurements and X-ray microtomography: a comparative study applied to a limestone sample before and after a dissolution experiment

Solid Earth ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Luquot ◽  
Vanessa Hebert ◽  
Olivier Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Effective Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Rock Sample ◽  
Effective Diffusion ◽  
Laboratory Measurements ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Limestone Rock

Abstract. The aim of this study is to compare the structural, geometrical and transport parameters of a limestone rock sample determined by X-ray microtomography (XMT) images and laboratory experiments. Total and effective porosity, pore-size distribution, tortuosity, and effective diffusion coefficient have been estimated. Sensitivity analyses of the segmentation parameters have been performed. The limestone rock sample studied here has been characterized using both approaches before and after a reactive percolation experiment. Strong dissolution process occurred during the percolation, promoting a wormhole formation. This strong heterogeneity formed after the percolation step allows us to apply our methodology to two different samples and enhance the use of experimental techniques or XMT images depending on the rock heterogeneity. We established that for most of the parameters calculated here, the values obtained by computing XMT images are in agreement with the classical laboratory measurements. We demonstrated that the computational porosity is more informative than the laboratory measurement. We observed that pore-size distributions obtained by XMT images and laboratory experiments are slightly different but complementary. Regarding the effective diffusion coefficient, we concluded that both approaches are valuable and give similar results. Nevertheless, we concluded that computing XMT images to determine transport, geometrical, and petrophysical parameters provide similar results to those measured at the laboratory but with much shorter durations.

Interfacial properties of GaSb/InAs superlattices

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 826-827
Author(s):  
M. E. Twigg ◽  
B. R. Bennett ◽  
J. R. Waterman ◽  
J. L. Davis ◽  
B. V. Shanabrook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gaas Substrate ◽  
Molecular Beam ◽  
Infrared Detector ◽  
Interfacial Properties ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Absorption Coefficients ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Short Period ◽  
High Optical Absorption

Recently, the GaSb/InAs superlattice system has received renewed attention. The interest stems from a model demonstrating that short period Ga1-xInxSb/InAs superlattices will have both a band gap less than 100 meV and high optical absorption coefficients, principal requirements for infrared detector applications. Because this superlattice system contains two species of cations and anions, it is possible to prepare either InSb-like or GaAs-like interfaces. As such, the system presents a unique opportunity to examine interfacial properties.We used molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) to prepare an extensive set of GaSb/InAs superlattices grown on an GaSb buffer, which, in turn had been grown on a (100) GaAs substrate. Through appropriate shutter sequences, the interfaces were directed to assume either an InSb-like or GaAs-like character. These superlattices were then studied with a variety of ex-situ probes such as x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. These probes confirmed that, indeed, predominantly InSb-like and GaAs-like interfaces had been achieved.

Diffusion of Heavy Oil in SiO2 Model Catalyst and FCC Catalyst

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 158-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi Yuan Liu ◽  
Sheng Li Chen ◽  
Peng Dong ◽  
Xiu Jun Ge
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Effective Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Pore Diameter ◽  
Effective Diffusion ◽  
Model Catalyst ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Diffusion Factor ◽  
Fcc Catalyst ◽  
Fcc Catalysts

Through the measured effective diffusion coefficients of Dagang vacuum residue supercritical fluid extraction and fractionation (SFEF) fractions in FCC catalysts and SiO2model catalysts, the relation between pore size of catalyst and effective diffusion coefficient was researched and the restricted diffusion factor was calculated. The restricted diffusion factor in FCC catalysts is less than 1 and it is 1~2 times larger in catalyst with polystyrene (PS) template than in conventional FCC catalyst without template, indicating that the diffusion of SFEF fractions in the two FCC catalysts is restricted by the pore. When the average molecular diameter is less than 1.8 nm, the diffusion of SFEF fractions in SiO2model catalyst which average pore diameter larger than 5.6 nm is unrestricted. The diffusion is restricted in the catalyst pores of less than 8 nm for SFEF fractions which diameter more than 1.8 nm. The tortuosity factor of SiO2model catalyst is obtained to be 2.87, within the range of empirical value. The effective diffusion coefficient of the SFEF fractions in SiO2model catalyst is two orders of magnitude larger than that in FCC catalyst with the same average pore diameter. This indicate that besides the ratio of molecular diameter to the pore diameter λ, the effective diffusion coefficient is also closely related to the pore structure of catalyst. Because SiO2model catalyst has uniform pore size, the diffusion coefficient can be precisely correlated with pore size of catalyst, so it is a good model material for catalyst internal diffusion investigation.

Strain Shift Coefficients for Phonons in Si-Ge Heterostructures

1991 ◽  
Vol 239 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-M. Baribeau ◽  
D. J. Lockwood
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Beam ◽  
Composition Dependence ◽  
Vibration Mode ◽  
Phonon Frequency ◽  
Longitudinal Optical ◽  
Stress Factor ◽  
Double Crystal ◽  
Raman Scattering Spectroscopy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Shift Coefficient

ABSTRACTStrain shift coefficient measurements for longitudinal optical phonons in molecular beam epitaxy grown metastable pseudomorphic Si1−xGex layers on (100) Si (0 < x < 0.35) and Ge (0.80 < x < 1) are reported. Strain in partially relaxed annealed specimens was obtained by double-crystal x-ray diffractometry and the corresponding strain phonon shift was measured by Raman scattering spectroscopy. For epilayers grown on Si it was found that the epilayer Si-Si phonon frequency varies linearly with strain. The magnitude of the strain shift coefficient b however showed a small composition dependence varying from b ≈ -700 cm-1 at x = 0 to b ≈ -950 cm-1 at x = 0.35, corresponding to a stress factor τ = 0.40 + 0.57x: + 0.13x2 cm-1/kbar. For the Ge-Ge vibration mode in epilayers grown on Ge, b decreased from ∼-425 cm-1 at x = 1 to ∼-500 cm-1 at x = 0.8, corresponding to a stress factor τ ≈ 0.52 – 0.14x - 0.08x2 cm-1/kbar.

Optical and structural prorerties of InAs epilayer on graded InGaAs

2001 ◽  
Vol 696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gu Hyun Kim ◽  
Jung Bum Choi ◽  
Joo In Lee ◽  
Se-Kyung Kang ◽  
Seung Il Ban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Beam Epitaxy ◽  
Residual Strain ◽  
Molecular Beam ◽  
Lattice Mismatch ◽  
Peak Position ◽  
Excitation Intensity ◽  
Total Thickness ◽  
Ingaas Layer ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

AbstractWe have studied infrared photoluminescence (PL) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) of 400 nm and 1500 nm thick InAs epilayers on GaAs, and 4 nm thick InAs on graded InGaAs layer with total thickness of 300 nm grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The PL peak positions of 400 nm, 1500 nm and 4 nm InAs epilayer measured at 10 K are blue-shifted from that of InAs bulk by 6.5, 4.5, and 6 meV, respectively, which can be largely explained by the residual strain in the epilayer. The residual strain caused by the lattice mismatch between InAs and GaAs or graded InGaAs/GaAs was observed from XRD measurements. While the PL peak position of 400 nm thick InAs layer is linearly shifted toward higher energy with increase in excitation intensity ranging from 10 to 140 mW, those of 4 nm InAs epilayer on InGaAs and 1500 nm InAs layer on GaAs is gradually blue-shifted and then, saturated above a power of 75 mW. These results suggest that adopting a graded InGaAs layer between InAs and GaAs can efficiently reduce the strain due to lattice mismatch in the structure of InAs/GaAs.

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